Journal Responsibility

The editorial team assesses publication ethics concerns, communicates relevant evidence to institutions when appropriate, and takes necessary editorial action to protect the scholarly record.

Institutional Responsibility

Research institutions are responsible for examining concerns involving their researchers and communicating relevant findings that may affect the reliability or integrity of published research.

The journal may contact the relevant institution when credible concerns about research or publication misconduct require clarification.

The editorial team may provide relevant information and cooperate with institutional investigations, while respecting confidentiality and procedural fairness.

Based on verified findings, the journal may issue a correction, expression of concern, retraction, or other appropriate editorial action in accordance with publication ethics.