Corrections are issued for errors that do not invalidate the article's main findings, such as inaccuracies in data presentation, analysis, or attribution. A correction notice will be published and linked to the original article.

Articles may be retracted when findings are unreliable due to serious errors, fabricated or falsified data, plagiarism, or unethical research practices. Retraction notices will explain the reasons and remain publicly accessible.

Authors may request manuscript withdrawal before publication by submitting a written explanation to the editorial office. Requests are subject to editorial review. Published articles are handled through correction or retraction procedures rather than routine withdrawal.