Police-led preventive cyber education and cryptocurrency scam prevention: A PRISMA-guided systematic literature review from a digital citizenship perspective

Candra Gunawan; Chryshnanda Dwilaksana; Supardi Hamid; Yopik Gani

doi:10.21831/jc.v23i2.101840

Authors

Candra Gunawan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kepolisian, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5476-0615
Chryshnanda Dwilaksana Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kepolisian, Indonesia
Supardi Hamid Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kepolisian, Indonesia
Yopik Gani Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kepolisian, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21831/jc.v23i2.101840

Keywords:

cryptocurrency scams, cybersecurity education, digital citizenship, police, protective behaviour, systematic literature review

Abstract

Cryptocurrency participation has expanded digital economic citizenship while exposing users to fraud that combines technological complexity, social engineering, impersonation, cognitive bias, and irreversible transactions. This systematic literature review examines how police-led preventive cyber education can strengthen protective behaviour against cryptocurrency scams and how this function can be conceptualised within digital citizenship. The review followed PRISMA 2020 reporting principles and PRISMA-S search-documentation elements. A structured cross-platform search and citation-chasing process covered peer-reviewed literature published from January 2015 to 24 August 2026. Forty-seven candidate records were logged, seven duplicates were removed, 40 records were screened, 34 were assessed for full-text relevance, and 30 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Evidence was coded across cybersecurity education and policing, cryptocurrency fraud/literacy/risk, and digital citizenship. The synthesis identifies five persistent gaps: limited direct evidence on police-delivered education for adult crypto users, overreliance on knowledge and intention rather than observed behaviour, weak integration of crypto-specific social engineering with educational design, underdeveloped linkage between Protection Motivation Theory and digital citizenship, and an absence of directly comparable Indonesian evidence within the included corpus. The review proposes a digital civic protective capacity framework in which credible police education shapes threat and coping appraisal, interacts with actual crypto literacy and cognitive vulnerability, and produces observable protective actions and participatory reporting. The contribution is a behaviour-centred model and a set of measurable design principles for preventive policing in digital financial environments.

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