The Effect of Formative Feedback Delivery Strategies on Learning Outcome in a Gamified Project-Based Learning Environment
This study examines the effectiveness of various media for delivering formative feedback in a gamified project-based learning (PjBL) environment, with a primary focus on proving that the quality of the message is more important than the medium through which it is delivered. Based on the hypothesis that standardized feedback content will eliminate differences in media influence, this study aims to empirically test whether there are significant differences in learning outcomes between groups of students who receive feedback through face-to-face meetings, virtual meetings via Google Meet, voice messages, and text messages. Using a quasi-experimental design with covariate analysis (ANCOVA), this study involved 130 undergraduate students majoring in Educational Technology at Malang State University, divided into five groups. Learning outcomes were measured through final product quality scores, while academic stress and student engagement were measured through standardized questionnaires and activity data from the Learning Management System (LMS). The ANCOVA test results showed the main finding: there was no statistically significant difference in learning outcomes (product quality) among the five treatment groups (F(4, 120) = 0.407, p = 0.803). Furthermore, neither academic stress (p = 0.713) nor student engagement (p = 0.840) proved to be significant predictors of learning outcomes in this model. These findings indicate that in a holistically designed learning ecosystem that combines structured PjBL with clear task specifications, standardized quality of feedback content, and motivating gamification elements, the choice of communication media becomes a secondary factor that is not significant. The implication is that educators and learning designers are advised to prioritize the development of robust instructional design and the quality of feedback substance rather than focusing solely on the selection of technology or communication channels.
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