The Integration of Photovoltaics with an IoT-Based Automatic Transfer Switch System for Telecommunication Applications
Downloads
The stability of the power supply is very important for keeping telecommunications infrastructure running smoothly. Problems with the power supply can cause network devices to lose service quality and even stop working. This study is on the development of an Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) system that can monitor and manage electrical resources in real-time over the internet. An ESP32 microcontroller, a Wi-Fi module, a ZMPT101B AC voltage sensor, an ACS712 current sensor, a DC voltage sensor, and an ADS1115 ADC were all put together to make the system more accurate. The Nuxt framework was used to construct a web interface that shows measurement data provided to the Firebase Realtime Database. The test results show that the system can consistently transition resources between the power grid and a Solar Power Plant. The error rate for AC voltage measurements is less than 2%, and the error rate for DC voltage measurements is less than 1%. The IoT-based monitoring system also has an average connection delay of 2 to 3 seconds, which is still acceptable for monitoring power supplies in telecommunications systems. The proposed system could be used as an intelligent power management solution for small to medium-sized telecommunications networks.
Downloads
[1] E. Gómez-Luna, M. A. Palacios, and J. C. Vasquez, “New Microgrid Architectures for Telecommunication Base Stations in Non-Interconnected Zones: A Colombian Case Study,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 20, p. 5499, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18205499.
[2] A. Mohanty et al., “Power system resilience and strategies for a sustainable infrastructure: A review,” Alex. Eng. J., vol. 105, pp. 261–279, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2024.06.092.
[3] N. R. Arifin, Y. M. Dinata, and F. S. Pamungkas, “ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) Transmission System as Power Supplier for Pahlawan Booster,” Procedia Eng. Life Sci., vol. 7, pp. 95–98, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.21070/pels.v7i0.1577.
[4] J. S. Saputro, H. Maghfiroh, F. Adriyanto, M. R. Darmawan, M. H. Ibrahim, and S. Pramono, “Energy Monitoring and Control of Automatic Transfer Switch between Grid and Solar Panel for Home System,” Int. J. Robot. Control Syst., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 59–73, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.31763/ijrcs.v3i1.843.
[5] A. Khan, M. Bressel, A. Davigny, D. Abbes, and B. Ould Bouamama, “Comprehensive Review of Hybrid Energy Systems: Challenges, Applications, and Optimization Strategies,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 10, p. 2612, May 2025, doi: 10.3390/en18102612.
[6] Anggy Giri Prawiyogi and Aang Solahudin Anwar, “Perkembangan Internet of Things (IoT) pada Sektor Energi : Sistematik Literatur Review,” J. MENTARI Manaj. Pendidik. Dan Teknol. Inf., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 187–197, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.33050/mentari.v1i2.254.
[7] L. A. P. Ramadhan and D. Irawan, “Design and Implementation of a Web-Based SCADA for Closed-Loop PID Control Optimized by AI with PLC Integration: A Multi-Layer Architecture Integrating Real-Time Monitoring, Intelligent PID Tuning, and Industrial Automation,” J. Edukasi Elektro, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 159–169, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.21831/jee.v9i2.88868.
[8] H. O. Garcés, J. Godoy, G. Riffo, N. F. Sepúlveda, E. Espinosa, and M. A. Ahmed, “Development of an IoT-Enabled Smart Electricity Meter for Real-Time Energy Monitoring and Efficiency,” Electronics, vol. 14, no. 6, p. 1173, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.3390/electronics14061173.
[9] D. Tessal et al., “Designing a Google Voice-Based Solar Panel Cleaner Control System,” J. Edukasi Elektro, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 202–213, Oct. 2025, doi: 10.21831/jee.v9i2.90041.
[10] L. A. Abdul-Rahaim and K. H. Kaittan, “Design and Implementation of an Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) Based Cloud Computing System for an Industrial Company,” in 2023 Second International Conference on Advanced Computer Applications (ACA), Misan, Iraq: IEEE, Feb. 2023, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/ACA57612.2023.10346900.
[11] S. I. Akbar, “MONITORING AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH DAN BATERAI BERBASIS IOT MENGGUNAKAN MIKROKONTROLER AVR DAN ESP32,” Transient J. Ilm. Tek. Elektro, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 51–60, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.14710/transient.v11i2.51-60.
[12] P. Pandiyan, S. Saravanan, R. Kannadasan, S. Krishnaveni, M. H. Alsharif, and M.-K. Kim, “A comprehensive review of advancements in green IoT for smart grids: Paving the path to sustainability,” Energy Rep., vol. 11, pp. 5504–5531, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2024.05.021.
[13] A. Wirjawan, A. Safarudin, R. Ramdani, N. Sri Lestari, G. D. Ramadi, and S. Sukirno, “Smart Monitoring System For Hybrid Solar Power Plants Using Iot Technology,” Brill. Res. Artif. Intell., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 811–816, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.47709/brilliance.v5i2.6865.
[14] K. Chooruang and K. Meekul, “Design of an IoT Energy Monitoring System,” Int. Conf. ICT Knowl. Eng., vol. 2018-Novem, pp. 48–51, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ICTKE.2018.8612412.
[15] Universitas Multimedia Nusantara, A. Michelle Sutopo, N. Prastomo, Universitas Multimedia Nusantara, P. G. Aditya Bayuntara, and Universitas Multimedia Nusantara, “IoT-Based Automatic Transfer Switch System Design on Solar Home System,” Int. J. Integr. Eng., vol. 16, no. 5, Aug. 2024, doi: 10.30880/ijie.2024.16.05.020.
[16] S. Nengsih and N. Hidayati, “Implementation of the Internet of Things in the Design and Development of a Three-Phase Power Monitoring System,” Circuit J. Ilm. Pendidik. Tek. Elektro, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 147–155, Aug. 2025, doi: 10.22373/hm94kk28.
[17] M. Z. Z. Muhtadi, S. Ranolat, and Pujianto, “Sistem Monitoring Energi Listrik 3 Fase Berbasis IoT dan Firebase,” Elposys J. Sist. Kelistrikan, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 132–137, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.33795/elposys.v12i2.7206.
[18] V. M. Balijepalli, F. Sielker, and G. Karmakar, “Evolution of Power System CIM to Digital Twins - A Comprehensive Review and Analysis,” in 2021 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT Europe), Espoo, Finland: IEEE, Oct. 2021, pp. 1–6. doi: 10.1109/ISGTEurope52324.2021.9640174.
[19] E. Hernández-Mayoral et al., “Power Quality Analysis of a Microgrid-Based on Renewable Energy Sources: A Simulation-Based Approach,” Computation, vol. 12, no. 11, p. 226, Nov. 2024, doi: 10.3390/computation12110226.
[20] I. Journal, “Real-time Database Synchronization Techniques in Firebase for Mobile App Development,” INTERANTIONAL J. Sci. Res. Eng. Manag., vol. 07, no. 12, pp. 1–10, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.55041/IJSREM22021.
[21] B.-G. Kim, H. Sekiya, and D. Lee, Eds., Multimedia Information Technology and Applications: 21st International Conference on Multimedia Information Technology and Applications, MITA 2025, Jeju, South Korea, July 21–24, 2025, Proceedings, vol. 2675. in Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 2675. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2026. doi: 10.1007/978-981-95-3141-7.
[22] C. Xiao, Q. Cao, Y. Ren, and X. Han, “Optimization of Distribution Network Current Protection for Inverter-Based Distributed Power Access,” Algorithms, vol. 17, no. 12, p. 555, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.3390/a17120555.
[23] R. Varghese P, M. S. P. Subathra, S. T. George, N. M. Kumar, E. S. Suviseshamuthu, and S. Deb, “Application of signal processing techniques and intelligent classifiers for high-impedance fault detection in ensuring the reliable operation of power distribution systems,” Front. Energy Res., vol. 11, p. 1114230, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2023.1114230.
[24] Z. Lei, X. Qiu, J. Yang, D. Ma, and Z. Lei, “Signal Processing and Transmission Quality Improvement Strategies in Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Software Radio Systems,” Appl. Math. Nonlinear Sci., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 20250346, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.2478/amns-2025-0346.
[25] E. A. W. Sanad, “Pemanfaatan Realtime Database di Platform Firebase Pada Aplikasi E-Tourism Kabupaten Nabire,” J. Penelit. Enj., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 20–26, May 2019, doi: 10.25042/jpe.052018.04.
[26] Purushotham Reddy, “Integrating edge computing with advanced cloud computing: A paradigm shift for IoT applications,” World J. Adv. Res. Rev., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 037–049, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.30574/wjarr.2019.2.1.0036.
[27] M. Asmar and A. Tuqan, “Integrating machine learning for sustaining cybersecurity in digital banks,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 17, p. e37571, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37571.
[28] M. Hamasha, Q. Albedoor, S. Hamasha, H. Ali, A. Qamar, and F. Berrah, “A comprehensive framework for IoT-driven predictive maintenance: Leveraging AI and edge computing for enhanced equipment reliability,” J. Appl. Eng. Sci., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 471–486, 2025, doi: 10.5937/jaes0-57002.
[29] Md. T. Ahammed, C. Das, S. R. Oion, S. Ghosh, and M. Afroj, “Design and Implementation of Programmable Logic Controller Based Automatic Transfer Switch,” J. Artif. Intell. Mach. Learn. Neural Netw., no. 22, pp. 8–18, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.55529/jaimlnn.22.8.18.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, copyright publishing of the article shall be assigned to Journal.
