Retraction

Retraction corrects the scholarly record when a published article in Informasi can no longer be relied upon. Its purpose is to alert readers, not to punish authors. The journal handles retractions in line with the COPE Retraction Guidelines. Corrections, withdrawals, and expressions of concern are described in the R-W-C Policy.

1. When an Article Is Retracted

Unreliable findings	There is clear evidence that the findings cannot be relied upon, whether because of misconduct, such as fabricated or falsified data, or because of honest error, such as a major mistake in analysis.
Plagiarism	The article contains plagiarism, as defined in the Plagiarism Policy.
Duplicate publication	The findings have already been published elsewhere without proper cross-reference, permission, or justification.
Unethical research	The research was conducted without the required ethics approval or informed consent, or it breached the confidentiality or anonymity of participants.
Compromised publication process	The article was produced by a paper mill, its authorship was bought or sold, or its peer review was manipulated.
Undisclosed conflict of interest	A conflict of interest was not disclosed and, in the editors’ judgement, would have affected the interpretation of the work or the editorial decision.
Prohibited use of AI	Data, quotations, or references were generated by AI tools, as described in the Generative AI Policy.

If only a small part of an article is affected and the main findings remain valid, a correction is published instead of a retraction. If an honest error invalidates the results but the authors can provide corrected, valid findings, the article may be retracted and replaced: the corrected article is published, and the retraction notice links to it and explains what has changed.

2. Procedure

Stage	Description
1. Concern raised	A concern is raised by the authors, a reader, a reviewer, an editor, or an institution, through the Contact page.
2. Assessment	The Editor-in-Chief assesses the evidence, following the Research Misconduct Policy and the COPE flowcharts.
3. Authors contacted	The editor informs all authors of the concern and gives them the opportunity to explain. In serious cases, the authors’ institutions are asked to investigate.
4. Decision	The Editor-in-Chief decides whether to retract the article, publish a correction, or take no action. Authors may request a retraction themselves, but the final decision rests with the journal.
5. Publication of the notice	The retraction notice is published and the authors are informed.

3. The Retraction Notice

The notice is titled “Retraction: [title of the article]” and is linked to the original article.
It states who is retracting the article and the reason for the retraction, written objectively and without defamatory language.
The retracted article is not deleted. It remains available, with every page clearly marked “RETRACTED”, so that readers can see what was retracted and why.
In rare cases, an article may be removed only for legal reasons or to protect the privacy or safety of a person. The bibliographic information and a notice explaining the removal remain online.

4. Related Policies