How Can 21st Century Skills Be Taught: Design and Implementation of an Undergraduate Course for Prospective Teachers
21st century skills are stated among the most significant subjects in education-related contexts. However, lack of a detailed and systematic curriculum focusing on how those skills could be taught remains as an issue to be solved. Designed as a mixed study, present study aims at developing and implementing a course curriculum focusing on how to teach 21st century skills for prospective teachers. Data were collected through document and content analysis, interviews and "The Scale for Identifying Perceptions of Having 21st Century skills" that was developed for this study to find out the significance of difference prior to and after the implementation of the developed course. The study consisted of three phases: needs analysis process, design and piloting of the course, and implementation of the developed course with prospective teachers. Participants of the study were 17 academicians working at faculties of education from various universities and a total of 73 prospective teachers (56 for piloting and 17 for real implementation). Findings of the needs analysis revealed that there was a need for such a course, and as a result, an undergraduate modular-based course aiming at teaching how to teach 21st century skills was developed within the principles of the philosophy of progressivism and constructivist approach for prospective teachers after an implementation lasted for a total of 28 weeks (14 for pilot and 14 for real implementation). The implementation of the course was structured on micro-teaching activities.
Downloads
Alan, B., & Gí¼ven, M., (2022). Determining generic teacher competencies: A measurable and observable teacher competency framework. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 9(2), 308-331. DOI: 10.52380/ijpes.2022.9.2.472
Alismail, H. A., & McGuire, P. (2015). 21st century standards and curriculum: current research and practice. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(6), 150-154.
Ambayon, E. E., & Millenes, C. (2020). Modular-based approach and students' achievement in literature. International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies. 8(3), 32-36.
Anagí¼n, Åž. S., Atalay, N., Kılıí§, Z., & YaÅŸar, S. (2016). í–ÄŸretmen adaylarına yí¶nelik 21.yy becerileri yeterlilik algıları í¶lí§eÄŸinin geliÅŸtirilmesi: geí§erlik ve gí¼venirlik í§alışması. Pamukkale íœniversitesi EÄŸitim Fakí¼ltesi Dergisi, 40, 160-175.
Ananiadoui, K., & Claro, M. (2009). 21st century skills and competences for new millennium learners in OECD countries.
Anwar, S., & Umam, H. (2023). Transformative education: Emphasizing 21st century skills and competencies in the independent learning curriculum. AIM: Journal of Islamic Education Management, 1(1), 1-16.
Arnandho, P., & Sutheejariyawattana, P. (2022). An Online Program to Enhance Teacher Learning to Develop Students' Self-Directed Learning Skills. Education Quarterly Reviews, 5(2), 588-599. DOI: 10.31014/aior.1993.05.02.516
Atalay, N. (2015). Fen bilimleri dersinde í¶ÄŸrencilerin í¶ÄŸrenme ve yenilenme becerilerinin geliÅŸiminde yavaÅŸ geí§iÅŸli animasyon (slowmation) uygulaması Doctoral dissertation, EskiÅŸehir: Anadolu íœniversitesi EÄŸitim Bilimleri Enstití¼sí¼.
Binkley, M., Erstad, O., Herman, J., Raizen, S., Ripley, M., Miller-Ricci, M., & Rumble, M. (2012). Defining twenty-first century skills. P. M.
Griffin (Ed.), Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills ií§inde (s. 17-66). Dordrecht: Springer.
Bozkurt, F., & CoÅŸkun, D. (2018). 21.yy okuryazarlığı: í–ÄŸretmen adaylarının medya algılarına genel bir bakış. Erciyes Ä°letiÅŸim Dergisi, 5(4), 493-511.
Brassler, M. , & Dettmers, J. (2017). How to Enhance Interdisciplinary Competence"”Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning versus Interdisciplinary Project-Based Learning. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1686
Bravo, M. C. M., Chalezquer, C. S., & Serrano-Puche, J. (2021). Meta-framework of digital literacy: A comparative analysis of 21st-century skills frameworks. Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social, (79), 76-109. DOI: 10.4185/RLCS-2021-1508
Bí¼yí¼kí¶ztí¼rk, Åž. (2016). Sosyal bilimler ií§in veri analizi el kitabı (22. b.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Care, E., Kim, H., Vista, A., & Anderson, K. (2018). Education system alignment for 21st century skills: Focus on assessment. Center for Universal Education at The Brookings Institution.
Chalkiadaki, A. (2018). A Systematic Literature Review of 21st Century Skills and Competencies in Primary Education. International Journal of Instruction, 11(3), 1-16.
https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.1131a
Cigerci, F. M. (2020). Primary school teacher candidates and 21st century skills. International Journal of Progressive Education, 16(2), 157-174. DOI: 10.29329/ijpe.2020.241.11
Cosculluela, C. L, Suárez, C., Quiroga, S., Sobradiel-Sierra, N., Lozano-Blasco, R., & Rodríguez-Martínez, A. (2021). Flipped Classroom model before and during COVID-19: using technology to develop 21st century skills. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 18(2), 189-204. DOI 10.1108/ITSE-08-2020-0137
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Nitel araÅŸtırma yí¶ntemleri (Trans. Eds., M. Bí¼tí¼n, S. B. Demir). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
Dede, C. (2010). Comparing frameworks for 21st Century Skills. In J. Bellanca & R. Brandt (eds), 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn (p. 51-75). Bloomington: Solution Tree Press.
Dilekí§i, A., & Karatay, H. (2023). The effects of the 21st century skills curriculum on the development of students' creative thinking skills. Thinking Skills And Creativity, 47, 101229.
Author, A. & Author, B. (2023). Development of the scale for identifying perceptions of having 21st century skills of pre-service teachers: Validity and reliability study. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal. 52(1), 99-125. DOI: 10.14812/cuefd.1124952.
Elias, S. (2018) Pre-Service Teachers' Approaches to the Effectiveness of Micro-Teaching in Teaching Practice Programs. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 6, 205-224. doi: 10.4236/jss.2018.65016.
Erol, H. (2021). Reflections on the 21st century skills into the curriculum of social studies course. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 9(2), 90-101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.9n.2p.90
Europaean Commission (2018). Key competences for lifelong learning in the European schools. Office of the secretary-general of the European schools, pedagogical development unit: Brussels, Belgium, 72.
Faulkner, J. & Latham, G. (2016). Adventurous lives: teacher qualities for 21st century learners. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 41(4), 137-150.
González-Pérez, L.I.; Ramírez-Montoya, M.S. (2022). Components of education 4.0 in 21st century skills frameworks: Systematic review. Sustainability, 14(1493). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031493
Gí¶ksí¼n, D. O. & Kurt, A. A. (2017). í–ÄŸretmen adaylarının 21. yy. í¶ÄŸrenen becerileri kullanımları ve 21. yy. í¶ÄŸreten becerileri kullanımları arasındaki iliÅŸki. EÄŸitim ve Bilim, 42, 107-130.
Gí¶mleksiz, M. N., Sinan, A. T. & DoÄŸan, F. D. (2019). Tí¼rkí§e, Tí¼rk Dili ve Edebiyatı ile í‡aÄŸdaÅŸ Tí¼rk Lehí§eleri í¶ÄŸretmen adaylarının 21.yy becerileri yeterlik algıları. AVRASYA Uluslararası AraÅŸtırmalar Dergisi, 7(19), 163-185.
Griffin, P. & Care, E. (2015). Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills: methods and approach. Dordrecht: Springer.
Griffin, P. & Care, E. (2015). The ACT21S method. P. Griffin & E. Care (Eds.), Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills ií§inde (s. 3-36). Melbourne: Springer.
Gí¼ven, M. (2015). í–ÄŸretme-í¶ÄŸrenme sí¼reci. B. Duman (Ed.), í–ÄŸretim ilke ve yí¶ntemleri ií§inde (4. b., s. 151-264). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
Häkkinen, P., Järvelä, S., Mäkitalo-Siegl, K., Ahonen, A., Näykki, P., & Valtonen, T. (2017). Preparing teacher-students for twenty-first-century learning practices (PREP 21): a framework for enhancing collaborative problem-solving and strategic learning skills. Teachers and Teaching, 23(1), 25-41.
Herde, C. N., Wí¼stenberg, S. & Greiff, S. (2016). Assessment of complex problem solving: what we know and what we don't know. Applied Measurement in Education, 29(4), 265-277.
Holzer, A., Gillet, D., Laperrouza, M., Maí®tre, J. P., Tormey, R., & Cardia, I. V. (2018, September). Fostering 21st century skills through interdisciplinary learning experiences. In 46th SEFI Annual Conference.
International Society for Technology in Education. (2016). ISTE Standards for Students. ISTE. Retrieved from iste.org/standards
Joynes, C., Rossignoli, S., & Fenyiwa Amonoo-Kuofi, E. (2019). 21st century skills: Evidence of issues in definition, demand and delivery for development contexts (K4D Helpdesk Report). Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.
Kain, C., Koschmieder, C., Matischek-Jauk, M., & Bergner, S. (2024). Mapping the landscape: A scoping review of 21st century skills literature in secondary education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 151, 104739.
Karaca-Atik, A., Meeuwisse, M., Gorgievski, M., & Smeets, G. (2023). Uncovering important 21st-century skills for sustainable career development of social sciences graduates: A systematic review. Educational Research Review, 39, 100528.
KaradaÄŸ, R. & Akkaya, A. (2013). Ä°lk okuma yazma í¶ÄŸretimi dersinde mikro í¶ÄŸretim uygulamalarına iliÅŸkin í¶ÄŸretmen adaylarının gí¶rí¼ÅŸleri. Ahi Evran íœniversitesi KırÅŸehir EÄŸitim Fakí¼ltesi Dergisi (KEFAD), 14(2), 39-59.
Karadavut, T. (2020). Parametrik olmayan (Non-parametrik) istatistik yí¶ntemleri. F. Orí§an (Edití¶r), Sosyal bilimlerde istatistik; Excel ve SPSS uygulamaları ií§inde (s. 221-250). Anklara: Anı yaynıcılık.
Karakoyun, F. (2014). í‡evrimií§i ortamda oluÅŸturulan dijital í¶ykí¼leme etkinliklerine iliÅŸkin í¶ÄŸretmen adayları ve ilkí¶ÄŸretim í¶ÄŸrencilerinin gí¶rí¼ÅŸlerinin incelenmesi. Doctoral dissertation, EskiÅŸehir: Anadolu íœniversitesi EÄŸitim Bilimleri Enstití¼sí¼.
Kennedy, T. J., & Sundberg, C. W. (2020). 21st century skills. In: Akpan, B., Kennedy, T .J. (eds) Science Education in Theory and Practice: An introductory guide to learning theory. Springer Texts in Education. Springer, Cham. 479-496. https://doi.org/10.1007/987-3-030-43620-9_32
Kımav, A. U., & Kí¼rí¼m YapıcıoÄŸlu, D., (2021). A blended INSET program design for technopedagogical development in teaching English. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, (20)3, 1-28.
Koh, J. H., Chai, C. S., Benjamin, W. & Hong, H.-Y. (2015). Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) and design thinking: A framework to support ICT lesson design for 21st century learning. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 24(3), 535-543.
Lafifa, F., Rosana, D., Suyanta, S., Nurohman, S., & Astuti, S. R. D. (2023). Integrated STEM approach to improve 21st century skills in Indonesia: A systematic review. International Journal of STEM Education for Sustainability, 3(2), 252-267.
Lamb, S., Maire, Q., & Doecke, E. (2017). Key skills for the 21st century: An evidence-based review.
Ledger, S., & Fischetti, J. (2019). Micro-teaching 2.0: Technology as the classroom. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 36(1), 37-54.
Lundeberg, V. J. (2016). Pedagogical implementation of 21st century skills. Educational Leadership and Administration: Teaching and Program Development, 27, 82-100.
Martinez, C. (2022) Developing 21st century teaching skills: A case study of teaching and learning through project-based curriculum, Cogent Education, 9(1),, 1-14. DOI: 10.1080/2331186X.2021.2024936
Mascha, E. J., & Vetter, T. R. (2018). Significance, errors, power, and sample size: the blocking and tackling of statistics. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(2), 691-698. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002741
McTighe, J., & Seif, E. (2010). An implementation framework to support 21st century skills. 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn, 149-172. In J. Bellanca & R. Brandt (eds), 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn. Bloomington: Solution Tree Press.
Metiri Group & NCREL. (2003). EnGauge 21st century skills: Literacy in the digital age. Chicago, IL: NCREL.
Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994) Qualitative data analysis (2.b.). California: Sage Publications.
Moyer, L. A. (2016). Engaging students in 21st century skills through non-formal learning. Doctoral dissertation. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Mishra, P. & Rohit, M. (2017). What we educators get wrong about 21st-century learning: results of a survey. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 33(1), 6-19.
Nardo, M. T. B. (2017). Modular instruction enhances learner autonomy. American journal of educational research, 5(10), 1024-1034.
Nasution, T., Meliani, F., Purba, R., Saputra, N., & Herman, H. (2023). Participation Performance of Students' Basic Teaching Skills in Microteaching. Al-Ishlah: Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(2), 2441-2448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v14i4.2307
National Leadership Council for Liberal Education and America's Promise. (2007). College learning for the new global century.
National Research Council (NRC). (2008). Education for life and work: developing transferable knowledge and skills in the 21st century. Washington DC: The National Academies Press.
National Research Council. (2012). Assessing 21st century skills. Washington D.C.: The National Academies Press.
Nieveen, N., Plomp, T. (2018). Curricular and Implementation Challenges in Introducing Twenty-First Century Skills in Education. In:
Care, E., Griffin, P., Wilson, M. (eds) Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills. Educational Assessment in an Information Age. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65368-6_15
OECD. (2005). The Definition and selection of key competencies: Executive summary. Retrieved from: https://one.oecd.org/document/EDU/EDPC/ECEC/RD(2010)26/en/pdf
Ong, Q. K. L., & Annamalai, N. (2023). Technological pedagogical content knowledge for twenty-first century learning skills: The game changer for teachers of industrial revolution 5.0. Education and Information Technologies, (1)42. DOI: 10.1007/s10639-023-11852-z
í–zí§elik, A. D. (2019). Ä°novasyon, yaratıcılık ve yenilenme. In A. D. í–zí§elik & M. N. TuÄŸluk (Eds), EÄŸitimde ve endí¼stride 21.yy becerileri (p. 1-29). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
Pahmi, S., Juandi, D., & Sugiarni, R. (2022). The effect of STEAM in mathematics learning on 21st century skills: A systematic literature reviews. Prisma, 11(1), 93-104.
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage publications.
P21-Partnership for 21st Century Learning. (2009). Retreieved from P21: http://www.p21.org/about-us/our-history
P21-Partnership for 21st Century Learning. (2015, Mayıs). P21 Framewoork definitions. Retreieved from P21: http://www.p21.org/storage/documents/docs/P21_Framework_Definitions_New_Logo_2015.pdf
P21-Partnership for 21st Century Learning. (2019). Framework for 21st century learning; A unified vision for learning to ensure student success in a world where change is constant and learning never stops. Partnership for 21st Century Learning; A Network for Battelle for Kids. Retreieved from battelleforkids.org/networks/p21
Pearlman, B. (2010). Designing new learning environments to support 21st century skills. J. Bellanca & R. Brandt (Eds.), 21st century skills: rethinking how students learn ií§inde (s. 117-147). Bloomington: Solution Tree Press.
Petrunin, K. F. (2019). The teaching of 21st century skills through project-based learning and professional development for career and technical education. (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Denton: University of North Texas.
Punch, K. F. (2014). Sosyal AraÅŸtırmalara GiriÅŸ: Nicel ve Nitel Yaklaşımlar (í‡eviren D. Bayrak, H. B. Arslan, Z. Akyí¼z). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
Reddy, K. R. (2019). Teaching how to teach: microteaching (a way to build up teaching skills). Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal, 12(1), 65-71.
Selvi, K., Uysal, D., Polat, M., Sí¶nmez, T., Kí¶se, C. & Yetim, N. (2016). SUPSKY curriculum design model. Uluslararası EÄŸitim Programları ve í–ÄŸretim í‡alışmaları Dergisi, 6(12), 33-56.
Shadiev, R. & Wang, X. (2022). A review of research on technology-supported language learning and 21st century skills. Frontiers in Psychology, 13:897689. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.897689
Shafie, H., Majid, F. A., & Ismail, I. S. (2019). Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in teaching 21st century skills in the 21st century classroom. Asian Journal of University Education, 15(3), 24-33.
Siregar, R. A., Fauziati, E. & Marmanto, S. (2020). The Effective 21st-century pedagogical competence as perceived by pre-service English teachers. Pedagogy Journal of English Language Teaching, 8(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.32332/pedagogy.v8i1.1953
Soulé, H. & Warrick, T. (2015). Defining 21st century readiness for all students: what we know and how to get there. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9(2), 178-186.
Stehle, S. M., & Peters-Burton, E. E. (2019). Developing student 21 st Century skills in selected exemplary inclusive STEM high schools. International Journal of STEM education, 6, 1-15.
St. Louis, A. T., Thompson, P., Sulak, T. N., Harvill, M. L , Moore, M,E,. (2021). Infusing 21st century skill development into the undergraduate curriculum: The formation of the IBEARS Network. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, (22)2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.00180-21.
Thomas, D. R. (2006). A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. American Journal of Evaluation, 27(2), 237-246.
Tight, M. (2021). Twenty-first century skills: meaning, usage and value. European Journal of Higher Education, 11(2), 160-174. DOI: 0.1080/21568235.2020.1835517
Triling, B. & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: learning for life in our times. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Van Laar, E., Van Deursen, A. J., Van Dijk, J. A., & De Haan, J. (2020). Determinants of 21st-century skills and 21st-century digital skills for workers: A systematic literature review. Sage Open, 10(1), 2158244019900176.
Voinea, M. (2019). Rethinking teacher training according to 21st century competences. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(3), 20-26.
Wrahatnolo & Munoto (2018). 21st centuries skill implication on education system. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 296. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/296/1/012036.
Yıldırım, A. & ÅžimÅŸek, H. (2013). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araÅŸtırma yí¶ntemleri (9. baskı). Ankara: Seí§kin Yayıncılık.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulkadir DurmuÅŸ
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan, with ISSN: 0216-1370, is published by the Institute of Education Development and Quality Assurance (LPPMP UNY). Cakrawala Pendidikan has been recently has been re-accredited by Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture decision Number 230/E/KPT/2022 which is valid for five years since enacted on 30 December 2022.
