ORIENTASI MORAL KEADILAN DAN ORIENTASI MORAL KEPEDULIAN: SUATUKECENDERUNGANPERBEDAAN ANTARA PENALARAN MORAL LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN BERBEDA

Abstract

In the long history of developmental psychology and especially
that related to moral development, Kohlberg has been considered the
foremost developer
of moral studies although some great thinkers
before him has inspired him. Along with
G.H. Mead's and Baldwin's
theories, Piaget's theories have influenced him the most.
Kohlberg has been influenced
by Piaget especially in his two
basic ideas
of cognitive and sequential mental structure. He has
defined morality
as a structure of justice, in which the end of any
moral action, guidance, and sanction should guarantee individual
justice. This moral concept
of justice implies emphasis on human
conditions like equality, freedom, reciprocity, and appreciation.
of
life. Truth is universal to all. In addition, Kohlberg has stated that the
essential moral principle is that
the principle ofjustice and this is the
reason for any action
so that Kohlberg gives more emphasis on the
development
of moral reasoning. The development of moral
reasoning requires the occurrence
of cognitive development, social
role-taking, and socio-cognitive conflict.
In the course of developing his theories, Kohlberg has been
faced with some criticism, especially on his measurements, which,
when applied
to women, tend to place them on low-stage positions Criticism has come from Gilligan, who states that women have a
different voice in morality. Women are oriented more to
relationships and emphasize orientations
to caring and responsibility.
Moral maturity
to women means ability to balance their care for
others and their care for themselves. Women defines morality as a
constant tension between becoming part
of something greater and
simultaneously a whole entity in themselves and they see the ability
to live with tension as a source of moral character and moral power