Email this article An evaluation of the flip flop approach to combating terrorism and religious extremism in Nigeria from 2015-2022
Abraham Orhero, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Franklin Sanubi, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Abstract
The fundamental responsibility of government is to secure citizens life and properties. The ongoing terrorist activities and religious extremism in Nigeria is yet to receive the required attention from the government. In light of the growing influence of terrorism and religious extremism in Nigeria, the study adopted the relative deprivation theory, to explain possible causes of terrorism and the recruitment of terrorists. The paper examines the ideological variations among the terrorist groups, using the quantitative textual analysis of secondary data to evaluate and scrutinize the flip flop approach of the Nigeria government from 2015 to 2022 in combating terrorism and religious extremism in the country. Despite the response by government, insecurity, terrorism and religious extremism have not been defeated due to lack of political will and the inability of government to make good laws to sanction offenders, thus, endemic poverty encourages the spread of terrorism and religious extremism. The study recommend among others, the need for government to properly police the borders, religious or tribal nepotism should not be condoled and not until systematic corruption, bad governance, inter religious and ethnic rivalry aimed at the control of state apparatus for economic and political selfish gains are seriously addressed and curtailed. The paper suggests that acute poverty and relative deprivation are precursor to the serial insecurity and terrorism that Nigeria is facing today.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adesoji, A. ( 2011). Between Maitatsine and Boko Haram: Islamic fundamentalism and the response of the Nigeria State. Africa Today, 57 (4), 99-119
Adibe, J. (2014) explaining the emergence of Boko Haram wwwbrookings .edu/blog/Africa-infocus.2014/05/06/explaining the emergence of Boko Haram.
Agbiboa, D. E. (2013c). The Nigerian Burden: Boko Haram religious terrorism in Nigeria. Conflict, Security and Development. 13(1) 1-29.
Agbiboa, D.E. (2013b). Peace at dagger’s drawn? Boko Haram and the state of emergency in Nigeria. Studies in conflict and Terrorism, 37 (1) 41-67
Agbiboa, D. E. (2014a). Is might right? Boko Haram, Joint Military Task Force and the global jihad. Military and strategic affairs, 5(3), 53-72
Agbiboa, D. E. & Maiangwa, B. (2013) Boko Haram and current religious violence in Nigeria: Towards a non-killing approach. Journal of developing societies, 29 (4). 379-403.
Aghedo, I. & Osumah, O. (2013) The Boko Haram Uprising: How should Nigeria respond? Third world quarterly.33(5):853-869.
Biswapati, G. (2018) Terrorism in the western world: 1SNB-978-93-86690-81-4 publishers Orange books international New Delhi–110002. India Business day news paper (2022) August 13, 2022. https://www. Businessday.ng>:11 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999. As amended
Danjibo, N. D. (2009). Islamic fundamentalism and sectarian violence: The Maiatatsine and Boko Haram crisis in Nigeria. Paper presented at the 2009 IFRA (French Institute for Research in Africa) Conference on Conflict and violence, Zaria, Nigeria. Available from: http://www.ifrap-nigeria.org.spip.php?article156 [Accessed 16 June 2013].
Falola, T. (1999) The History of Nigeria. Westport: Greenwood press.
Falk, R.A (1990) Revolutionaries and functionaries: The Dual Face of Terrorism. In R.A.Falk (Ed.). International terrorism: causes, characteristics, and control. St. Martin’s Press.
Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect (GCRP. 2022) report, info@global.org.
Gurr , T, R. (1970) Why men rebel. Princeton, N. J: Princeton university press.
Hasenclever, A. & Rittberger, V. (2000). Does religion make a difference? Theoritical approaches to the impact of faith on political conflict. Millennium, 29 (3), 641-674.
Hashimi, A. S. (2009) “Pakistan Politics, Religion and Extremism “Institute of Peace and Conflict studies. Research papers 21.
Hickey, R. (1984). The 1982 Maiatatsine upspring in Nigeria: A note. African Affairs, 83 (331), 251-256
Hoffman, B. (2006) Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.
HRW (Human Rights Watch) 2012. Spiralling violence: Boko Haram attacks and security forces abuses in Nigeria. Available from:http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/16 [Accessed 17 Jan 2023]
ICG (International Crisis Group, 2014). Curbing violence in Nigeria (11): The Boko Haram insurgency. Africa Report, No 216, 1-54.
Jenkins, B. (1975). International terrorism: A new mode of conflict. Los Angeles, Crescent
Juerguermeyer, M. (2003) Terror in the Mind of God: The Global rise of Religious Violence. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Karen, A. M. & Ivan, M. A (2014) Essential of International Relations. Www Norton & Company Inc., castle house, 75/76 wells street, London WIT3QT
Lacquer, W. (1999) The New Terrorism. Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Liebman, C (2001) Extremism as a Religious Norm.Users.Class.Ulf.Edu. http://users,clas.ufl.edu
Maiangwa, B. (2014). Soldiers of God or Allah: Religious politicization and the Boko Haram crisis in Nigeria. Journal of Terrorism Research, 5 (1), 58-66.
Mickolus, E. F. (1980). Transnational terrorism: A chronology of events. Westport, CT, Greenwood.
Martins, G (2011) Essentials of Terrorism. Concepts and Controversies. (2nd ed) United State Sage Publications Inc.
Ojewole, O (2021). Rising Insecurity in North West Nigeria: Terrorism thinly disguised as banditry. www.brookings. Edu/blog/Africa-in-focus.
Onuoha, F. C. (2014). Boko Haram: Nigeria’s extremist Islamic sect. Al Jazeera Centre for studies, 29 (2), 1-6.
Pham, J. P. (2012). Boko Haram’s evolving threat. Africa Security Brief, 20, pp. 1-7.
Prus, R (2005) Terrorism, Tyranny, and Religious Extremism as Collective Activity: Beyond the deviant, psychological and power mystiques. The American Sociologist 36(1): 47-74 DOI: 10. 1007 312108-005-1009.
Rapport, D. C. (1984). Fear and trembling: Terrorism in three religious traditions. American
Political Science Review, 78 (3), pp. 658-677
Sahara Reporters (2013). Nigerian troops rescue women and children kidnapped by Boko
Haram. 24 May. Available from: https://saharareporters.com/news
[Accessed 16 Jan 2023]
Sahara Reporter (2021) Sahara reporter. Com August 24, 2021.
https://www sahara reporter. Com.
Sandler, T., Tschirhart, J. & Cauley, J. (1983). A theoretical analysis of transnational
terrorism. American Political Science Review, 77 (4), pp. 36-54
The Guardian (2022), Buhari’s advance convoy attacked in Katsina, Guardian. The Guardian (2018) Buhari calls Leah Shaibu’s mother to bring back her daughter.
http://guardian.ng >leah shaibu.
The Paradise, (2022) Nigerian soldiers busted for sharing in 100 million Naira ransom paid by
Deji Oyewunmi, abducted Kaduna train passenger. https://the paradise.ng.
July 27, 2022.
Thurston, A. (2013) Amnesty for Boko Haram: lessons from the past. Africa Futures.
http://forums Ssre. Org/Africa Futures /2013/05/20/amnestyfor boko haram-
lesson-from-the-past.
Vangaurd newspaper (2022) Deadly bandit attack on St Francis catholic church, Owo Ondo
state. June 7, 2022 :11
Vangaurd news paper (2022) Kuje attack: I fled with my 3 kids as bombs rained- house wife.
July 5th, 2022 :5.
Wendy, L. (2017) Extradition as a method of combating international terrorism: A US
perspective. Publishers Pro-Quest LLC:789. East Eisen lower parkway. Box 1346, Ann-
Arbit/Mi48106-1346. http/hdl. Handle net/10023/14339
Wilkinson, P. (1986) Terrorism and the Liberal state. Revised edition London, MacMillian.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/jss.v19i2.58635
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ogheneakpoje Benedict Ighoshemu, Abraham Orhero, Franklin Sanubi
Supervised by
Our Journal has been Indexed by
Journal of Social Studies (JSS) by http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jss is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.