Influence of Constitutive Models on Cyclic Pore Pressure and Liquefaction Assessment in Srandakan, Bantul, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21831/inersia.v22i1.95996Keywords:
Hardening-soil., Mohr-coulomb, Plaxis 2D, PSHA, PM4SANDAbstract
Liquefaction potential in earthquake-hazard areas is correlated with earthquake-induced cyclic loading. This condition leads to an important selection in the constitutive soil model in numerical site response analysis. This study aims to evaluate the effect of different constitutive soil models on cycling pore pressure by using a numerical model. The case was taken in Srandakan, Bantul, Indonesia, which consists of sand and clay soil. A representative ground motion was derived from a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, with PGA ≈ 0.31, in a one-dimensional dynamic analysis using PLAXIS 2D.
Three constitutive models, Mohr–Coulomb (MC), Hardening Soil with small-strain stiffness (HSsmall), and PM4Sand, were compared in terms of excess pore pressure development and pore pressure ratio (Ru) evolution. The results showed that MC neglected a pore-pressure accumulation, while HSsmall captured only a limited nonlinear response. Meanwhile, PM4Sand predicted more significant cyclic pore pressure changes in sandy layers due to its state-dependent plasticity formulation. Nevertheless, Ru values remained well within acceptable limits at all depths, indicating that the applied seismic excitation did not trigger liquefaction. The findings demonstrated that model selection substantially affected pore pressure response in seismic liquefaction analysis.
References
[1] H. Seo and D. Kim, “Analysis of behavioral characteristics of liquefaction of sand through repeated triaxial compression test and numerical analysis,” Geomech. Eng., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 165–177, 2024, doi: 10.12989/gae.2024.38.2.165.
[2] A. Salahi, H. Niroumand, and K. A. Kassim, “Evaluation of stone columns versus liquefaction phenomenon,” Electron. J. Geotech. Eng., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 739–759, 2015.
[3] H. B. Mason and H. Yeh, “Sediment liquefaction: A pore-water pressure gradient viewpoint,” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 1908–1913, 2016, doi: 10.1785/0120150296.
[4] S. Smitha and S. M. Rangaswamy, “Effect of biopolymer treatment on pore pressure response and dynamic properties of silty sand,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 32, no. 8, p. 04020217, 2020, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003285.
[5] E. National Academies of Sciences and Medicine et al., State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2021. doi: 10.17226/23474.
[6] M. D. Petersen et al., “Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for Sumatra, Indonesia and across the Southern Malaysian Peninsula,” Tectonophysics, 2004.
[7] M. D. Petersen et al., “Probabilistic seismic hazard for Southeast Asia,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2008.
[8] M. Irsyam, M. Asrurifak, D. Hendriyawan, and B. Budiono, “Development of spectral hazard maps for a proposed revision of the Indonesian seismic building code,” Geomech. Geoengin., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 35–47, 2010, doi: 10.1080/17486020903452725.
[9] M. Irsyam et al., “The proposed seismic hazard maps of Sumatra and Java islands and microzonation study of Jakarta city, Indonesia,” J Earth Syst Sci, vol. 117, no. S2, pp. 865–878, 2008.
[10] I. W. Sengara, M. Irsyam, I. D. Sidi, D. A. Andri Mulia, M. Asrurifak, and D. Hutabarat, “Development of earthquake risk-targeted ground motions for Indonesian earthquake resistance building code SNI 1726-2012,” in Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering (ICASP12), Vancouver, Canada, 2015.
[11] R. L. Wood and T. C. Hutchinson, “Effects of ground motion scaling on nonlinear higher mode building response,” Earthq. Struct., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 869–887, 2012.
[12] C. W. Jiang and D. B. Wang, “Effect of different modification methods on ground motions,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Advanced Materials, Structures and Mechanical Engineering, 2016, pp. 125–130.
[13] D. Zekkos, C. Carlson, A. Nisar, and S. Ebert, “Effect of ground motion modification technique on seismic geotechnical engineering analyses,” Earthq. Spectra, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1643–1661, 2012, doi: 10.1193/1.4000077.
[14] C. Carlson, D. Zekkos, A. Athanasopoulos-Zekkos, and J. Hubler, “Impact of modification on ground motion characteristics and geotechnical seismic analyses for a California site,” J. Earthq. Eng., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 696–713, 2014, doi: 10.1080/13632469.2014.898602.
[15] A. Jalil, T. F. Fathani, I. Satyarno, and W. Wilopo, “A study on the liquefaction potential in Banda Aceh City after the 2004 Sumatera earthquake,” Int. J. GEOMATE, vol. 18, no. 65, pp. 147–155, 2020, doi: 10.21660/2020.65.94557.
[16] R. A. C. Luna, R. D. Quebral, P. A. Y. Selda, F. J. T. Bernales, and S. B. R. Sayson, “Integrating local site response evaluations in seismic hazard assessments,” in Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, 2022, pp. 792–800. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-11898-2_53.
[17] D. Huang and J. P. Wang, “Integrating seismic hazard analyses with geotechnical site characterization for liquefaction potential assessment in Kaohsiung area,” in Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Geotechnical Safety and Risk (ISGSR 2013), 2014, pp. 201–206.
[18] T. G. Sitharam and L. Govindaraju, “Pore pressure generation in silty sands during cyclic loading,” Geomech. Geoengin., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 295–306, 2007, doi: 10.1080/17486020701670460.
[19] S. Mandal, D. Mistry, and G. R. Dodagoudar, “Finite element analysis of response of earthen embankment constructed on liquefiable soil deposit,” in Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 2025, pp. 107–119. doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-7285-1_8.
[20] G. Zorzi, T. Richter, F. Kirsch, A. H. Augustesen, M. U. Østergaard, and S. P. H. Sørensen, “Explicit method to account for cyclic degradation of offshore wind turbine foundations using cyclic interaction diagrams,” in Proc. Int. Offshore and Polar Engineering Conf., 2018, pp. 327–333.
[21] Z. Cheng and B. Damjanac, “Extension of Mohr-Coulomb model considering opening and closure of tension cracks,” in Proc. 55th U.S. Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symp., 2021, pp. 577–585.
[22] S. Chen, T. Li, F. Liang, and X. Gu, “Parameters of hardening soil model with small strain of shallow sandy silt in Shanghai Lin-Gang Special Area,” J. Tongji Univ., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 841–846, 2020, doi: 10.11908/j.issn.0253-374x.19374.
[23] N. Dinesh, S. Banerjee, and K. Rajagopal, “Performance evaluation of PM4Sand model for simulation of the liquefaction remedial measures for embankment,” Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., vol. 152, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.107042.
[24] B. Gutenberg and C. F. Richter, “Frequency of earthquakes in California,” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 185–188, 1944.
[25] K. W. Campbell, “A note on the selection of minimum magnitude for use in seismic hazard analysis,” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 199–204, 1989, doi: 10.1785/BSSA0790010199.
[26] Google LLC, Google Earth, version 7.x. (2026). [Online]. Available: https://earth.google.com/
[27] R. R. Youngs and K. J. Coppersmith, “Implications of fault slip rates and earthquake recurrence models to probabilistic seismic hazard estimates,” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 939–964, 1985.
[28] R. K. McGuire, EZ Frisk Versions 7 manual. Risk Engineering Inc., 2005.
[29] T. Tobita and J. P. Bardet, A Computer Program for Non-Linear Earthquake Site Response Analysis (NERA) of Layered Soil Deposit. Los Angeles, CA, USA: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California, 2001.
[30] R. B. Peck, W. E. Hanson, and T. H. Thornburn, Foundation Engineering, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1974.
[31] B. M. Das and K. Sobhan, Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 9th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2018.
[32] F. H. Kulhawy and P. W. Mayne, Manual on Estimating Soil Properties for Foundation Design. Ithaca, NY, USA: Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 1990.
[33] D. P. Stroud, “The standard penetration test in insensitive clays and soft rocks,” in Proc. European Symposium on Penetration Testing (ESOPT I), Stockholm, Sweden, 1974, pp. 367–375.
[34] PLAXIS BV, PLAXIS 2D Reference Manual. Bentley Systems, 2023.
[35] B. M. Das, Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 8th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2014.
[36] R. W. Boulanger and K. Ziotopoulou, PM4Sand (Version 3): A Sand Plasticity Model for Earthquake Engineering Applications. Davis: University of California, 2017.
[37] S. L. Kramer, Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1996.
[38] W. Dong and G. Anagnostou, “The effect of constitutive modelling on estimates of the short-term response of squeezing ground to tunnel excavation,” in Computer Methods and Recent Advances in Geomechanics: Proc. 14th Int. Conf. (IACMAG 2014), 2015, pp. 225–230. doi: 10.1201/b17435-36.
[39] S. Likitlersuang, S. Teachavorasinskun, C. Surarak, E. Oh, and A. Balasubramaniam, “Excess pore water pressure behavior of saturated soft clay under cyclic confining pressure with different frequencies,” Soils Found., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 498–509, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.sandf.2013.06.003.
[40] J. Huang, J. Hu, H. Wang, J. Chen, and S. Liu, “Excess pore water pressure behavior of saturated soft clay under cyclic confining pressure with different frequencies,” Front. Earth Sci., vol. 10, 2023, doi: 10.3389/feart.2022.1035889.
[41] G. Suazo, A. Fourie, J. Doherty, and A. Hasan, “Effects of confining stress, density and initial static shear stress on the cyclic shear response of fine-grained unclassified tailings,” Geotechnique, vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 401–412, 2016, doi: 10.1680/jgeot.15.P.032.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Anisa Nur Amalina, Lalu Makrup, Elvis Saputra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with INERSIA journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the INERSIA journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
INERSIA by https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/inersia was distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
