Low-carbon development policies in Indonesia

between global rhetoric and the reality of local implementation

Abstract

Low-carbon development is a narrative of sustainable development in various countries, including Indonesia. This policy is part of Indonesia's global commitment to support climate change mitigation, achieve net-zero emissions, and promote sustainable, green economic development. However, the implementation of this policy raises crucial questions regarding the implementation and impact of low-carbon development policies in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the gap between national-level low-carbon development policies and their implementation in the field, and to identify factors that hinder their effectiveness. The approach used is a qualitative study with library research and content analysis of 10 articles, official documents, and government reports from the 2020–2025 period. The data were analyzed using a thematic content analysis approach to identify patterns, implementation challenges, and barriers to low-carbon development policies. The results show that the implementation of PRK in Indonesia remains ineffective and tends to be partial, particularly in the energy, transportation, and environment sectors. The main obstacles include weak governance, limited funding, and low public awareness and participation. In addition, central-regional policy disparities and bureaucratic resistance also hinder the transition to a green economy. The success of the PRK requires institutional reform, strengthening regional capacity, and increasing public literacy and participation towards sustainable development.