Indonesia-Germany cooperation in efforts to improve vocational education levels: Analysis of the Ausbildung program

Rafflialdi Hugo Atthareq, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
RMT Nurhasan Affandi, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Abstract


The quality of Indonesian human resources still needs improvement to compete in the international world. Currently, the international market requires a lot of competence in technical skills in the vocational field. For this reason, Indonesia focuses on developing vocational training and education. This demand was not fulfilled because Indonesian vocational graduates did not have the right skills. With abundant but ineffective resources, Indonesia must learn much from other countries, including Germany. The output of this international collaboration is the Ausbildung program or Apprenticeship Training. This article seeks to reveal how Indonesian-Germany cooperation in vocational education impacts the two countries by using a qualitative method of reviewing documents and interviews with relevant sources. Findings from this article's cooperation opens up new opportunities for exploiting intellectual labor, which is neo-capitalism. In terms of salary, the wages received by Indonesian workers are far below the minimum wage that should be given to professional workers in Germany.


Keywords


Ausbildung program; international cooperation; labor; vocational education

Full Text:

PDF

References


Arel-Bundock, V., Atkinson, J., & Potter, R. A. (2015). The Limits of Foreign Aid Diplomacy: How Bureaucratic Design Shapes Aid Distribution. International Studies Quarterly, 59(3), 544–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12191

Baber, H. E. (2012). The Routledge Companion to theism. In C. Taliaferro, V. S. Harrison, & S. Goetz (Eds.), The Routledge Companion to Theism. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203123294

Cherkes, B., Linda, S., & Kolomyeytsev, A. (2016). Theory and practice of academic education in architecture and urban design: From bilateral cooperation to international projects. ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES Bohdan, 2(1), 1–8. https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/api/file/viewByFileId/275507.pdf

Coleman, W. D., & Underhill, G. R. D. (1998). Regionalism and global economic integration: Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Routledge.

Deissinger, T. (2015). The German dual vocational education and training system as ‘good practice’? Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit, 30(5), 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269094215589311

Dittrich, J. (2010). Can Indonesia learn something from the German model of TVET teacher education? Educationist, IV(2), 67–77. http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/JURNAL/EDUCATIONIST/Vol._IV_No._2-Juli_2010/02_Joachim_Dittrich.pdf

Graf, L. (2013). The hybridization of vocational training and higher education in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. In The Hybridization of Vocational Training and Higher Education in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Budrich UniPress. https://doi.org/10.3224/86388043

Grieco, J., Powell, R., & Snidal, D. (1993). The relative-gains problem for international cooperation. American Political Science Review, 87(3), 729–743. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938747

Hendarman, H., Suharti, S., Fahturahman, F., Khurniawan, A. W., Bakrun, B., Lestari, S. P., Ambarukmi, S., Panca, I. G., Masitoh, S., Kurniawan, K., Ibrahim, G. A., Purwadi, A., & Bakar, K. A. A. (2016). Revitalisasi pendidikan vokasi Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia. http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/5259/1/KgWeJjzPa3E1B0G1rZxM6mQn4Jxi5F4SHv4EZ1j3 %281%29.pdf

Hummelsheim, S., & Baur, M. (2014). The German dual system of initial vocational education and training and its potential for transfer to Asia. PROSPECTS, 44(2), 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-014-9311-4

Ivanova, I., Arcelus, F. J., & Srinivasan, G. (1999). An assessment of the measurement properties of the human development index. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 157–179. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006839208067#citeas

Kadir, S., Nirwansyah Nirwansyah, & Backrul, B. A. (2016). Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy – Microsoft case study series on technical and vocational education and training. Case title: Technical and vocational education and training in Indonesia: Challenges and opportunities for the future. Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore. https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/case-studies/lkysppms_case_study__technical_and_vocational_education_and_training_in_indonesia.pdf?sfvrsn=e5c5960b_2

Komala, N. K. (2018). The strategies of Germany’s cultural diplomacy trough Goethe-Institut in Indonesia (2013-2016). President University. http://repository.president.ac.id/xmlui/handle/123456789/237

Kreyenfeld, M., Zeman, K., Burkimsher, M., & Jaschinski, I. (2012). Fertility data for German-speaking countries: What is the potential? Where are the pitfalls? Comparative Population Studies, 36(2–3), 349–380. https://doi.org/10.12765/CPoS-2011-06

Linten, M., Prustel, S., Woll, C., Roth, U., & Wurdak, A. (2014). Attractiveness of vocational education and training: Permeability successful school-to-work transitions and international mobility. UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED560494

McGrath, S. (2002). Skills for development: a new approach to international cooperation in skills development? Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 54(3), 413–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/13636820200200207

Michelmann, H. J., & Hocking, B. (1995). Localizing foreign policy: Non-central governments and multilayered diplomacy. International Journal, 51(1), 174. https://doi.org/10.2307/40203768

Milner, H. (1992). International theories of cooperation among nations: Strengths and weaknesses. World Politics, 44(3), 466–496. https://doi.org/10.2307/2010546

Morgenthau, H. J. (2014). A realist theory of international politics. In Realism reader (pp. 53–59). Routledge. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-intl-relations/

Muhtadi, A. (2008). Studi komparatif sistem pendidikan di Jerman dan Korea Selatan. Dinamika Pendidikan, 15(1), 76–93. https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/dinamika-pendidikan/article/view/4031

Munn-Giddings, C. (2001). Links between kropotkin’ theory of ‘mutual aid’ and the values and practices of action research. Educational Action Research, 9(1), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650790100200144

Nagels, K. (2012). Successful partnerships Indonesian technical and vocational education institutes working hand in hand with enterprises a word of welcome. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit. http://www.hmp-consultservice.de/PDF/broschuere_eng.pdf

Nienaber, M. (2018, June 26). Germany to raise minimum wage to 9.35 euros in 2020. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-economy-wages-idUKKBN1JM1AS

Nye, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 94–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207311699

Pardo, R. P. (2017). After hegemony. In After Hegemony. Macat Library. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781912282203

Raggatt, P. (1988). Quality control in the dual system of West Germany. Oxford Review of Education, 14(2), 163–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305498880140203

Reuter, T. (2019). German cultural diplomacy in Indonesia: Building cooperation in a changing world. ifa (Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen). https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-62399-2

Samani, M. (2018). Vocational education in the era of industry 4.0: An Indonesia case. Proceedings of the International Conference on Indonesian Technical Vocational Education and Association (APTEKINDO 2018), 201(Aptekindo), 45–47. https://doi.org/10.2991/aptekindo-18.2018.10

Shields, R., & Menashy, F. (2019). The network of bilateral aid to education 2005–2015. International Journal of Educational Development, 64(April), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.07.003

Snidal, D. (1991). Relative gains and the pattern of international cooperation. American Political Science Review, 85(3), 701–726. https://doi.org/10.2307/1963847

Statistisches Bundesamt. (2021). Bevölkerung nach Nationalität und Geschlecht - Statistisches Bundesamt. Destatis.De. https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/liste-zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit.html

Statistisches Bundesamt. (2023). Minimum wages. Destatis.De. https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Labour/Earnings/Minimum-Wages/Tables/minimum-wages-germany.html

United Nations. (2018). Human Development Index (HDI). https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI

Verawardina, U., & Jama, J. (2019). Philosophy TVET di era derupsi revolusi industri 4.0 di Indonesia. Jurnal Filsafat Indonesia, 1(3), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.23887/jfi.v1i3.17156

Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of international politics. Waveland Press.

Wiriadidjaja, A., Andriasanti, L., & Jane, A. (2019). Indonesia-Germany cooperation in vocational education and training. Journal of Local Government Issues, 2(2), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.22219/LOGOS.Vol2.No2.178-192




DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/jpv.v13i1.49341

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Our journal indexed by:
       

ISSN 2088-2866 (print) || ISSN 2476-9401 (online)

View Journal Visitor Stats