Assessing injury risk in Indonesian pickleball athletes using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS)
Downloads
Pickleball has experienced rapid growth in participation; however, this trend has been accompanied by an increasing incidence of musculoskeletal injuries. This study aimed to assess injury risk among Indonesian pickleball athletes using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) and to examine its potential as a predictive tool for injury prevention. A quantitative prospective cohort design was employed, involving 35 athletes (30 amateurs and 5 professionals) monitored over a 12-month competitive season. Baseline FMS assessments were administered by certified raters, and injuries were recorded weekly. Injury was defined as any condition resulting in at least one day of absence from training or competition. The results showed that professional players demonstrated significantly higher FMS scores (mean = 16.0) compared to amateur players (mean = 12.3). During the season, 18 injuries were documented, predominantly knee and ankle injuries among amateurs and shoulder injuries among professionals. Logistic regression analysis indicated that lower FMS scores were significantly associated with a higher risk of injury, with each one-point decrease in FMS score increasing injury risk by 2.85 times (OR = 2.85; 95% CI = X–X; p < 0.05). These findings suggest that FMS is an effective screening and predictive tool for analyze injury risk in pickleball athletes and can support the development of targeted preventive training programs, particularly for amateur players. Notably, this study contributes novel evidence to the limited body of research examining injury risk profiling in pickleball athletes using validated movement screening tools, especially within the Indonesian context.
Downloads
Al-Akrh, H. A. K., Minoonejad, H., Saidi, F., Ardakani, M. K., & Sohrabi, S. (2023). Impact of correlation & analyze the relationship between Functional Movement Screening test (FMS) and with upper limb function in volleyball Al-Daghara club elite players. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2820(01), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0150795
Asperti, A. M., Fernandes, T. L., Marinho, I. M., Pedrinelli, A., & Hernandez, A. J. (2017). Lesões esportivas em atletas amadores de uma universidade brasileira. Acta Ortopedica Brasileira, 25(2), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-785220172502165651
Bateni, H., Carruthers, J., Mohan, R., & Pishva, S. (2024). Use of Virtual Reality in Physical Therapy as an Intervention and Diagnostic Tool. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1122286
Beardsley, C., & Contreras, B. (2014). The functional movement screen: A review. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 36(5), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000074
Beynnon, B. D., Renström, P. A., Alosa, D. M., Baumhauer, J. F., & Vacek, P. M. (2001). Ankle ligament injury risk factors: A prospective study of college athletes. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 19(2), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-0266(00)90004-4
Bonazza, N. A., Smuin, D., Onks, C. A., Silvis, M. L., & Dhawan, A. (2017). Reliability, Validity, and Injury Predictive Value of the Functional Movement Screen. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(3), 725–732. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516641937
Brown, C. K., Southerst, D., Côté, P., Shearer, H. M., Randhawa, K., Wong, J. J., Yu, H., Varatharajan, S., Sutton, D., Stern, P. J., D’Angelo, K., Dion, S., Cox, J., Goldgrub, R., Stupar, M., Carroll, L. J., & Taylor-Vaisey, A. (2016). The Effectiveness of Exercise on Recovery and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Soft Tissue Injuries of the Hip, Thigh, or Knee: A Systematic Review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 39(2), 110-120.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2016.01.003
Brunner, R., Friesenbichler, B., Casartelli, N. C., Bizzini, M., Maffiuletti, N. A., & Niedermann, K. (2019). Effectiveness of multicomponent lower extremity injury prevention programmes in team-sport athletes: An umbrella review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(5), 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098944
Dorrel, B., Long, T., Shaffer, S., & Myer, G. D. (2018). The functional movement screen as a predictor of injury in national collegiate athletic association division II athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 53(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-528-15
dos Santos Franco, Y. R., Cristiane Miyamoto, G., Ribeiro de Oliveira, R., Nunes Cabral, C. M., & Ferro Moura Franco, K. (2019). Exercise therapy for the treatment of tendinopathies in the lower limb: a systematic review. Biomed Central, 8, 142.
Gurau, T. V., Gurau, G., Musat, C. L., Voinescu, D. C., Anghel, L., Onose, G., Munteanu, C., Onu, I., & Iordan, D. A. (2023). Epidemiology of Injuries in Professional and Amateur Football Men (Part II). Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12196293
Hu, C., Du, Z., Tao, M., & Song, Y. (2023). Effects of Different Hamstring Eccentric Exercise Programs on Preventing Lower Extremity Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032057
Hughes, R., Cross, M., Stokes, K., Tobin, D., Power, E., McNally, S., & Pamment, J. (2021). Novel biomechanical injury risk score demonstrates correlation with lower limb posterior chain injury in 50 elite-level rugby union athletes. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001062
Koźlenia, D., & Domaradzki, J. (2021). Effects of combination movement patterns quality and physical performance on injuries in young athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115536
Koźlenia, D., & Kochan-Jacheć, K. (2024). The Impact of Interaction between Body Posture and Movement Pattern Quality on Injuries in Amateur Athletes. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13051456
Liu, H., Ding, H., Xuan, J., Gao, X., & Huang, X. (2023). The functional movement screen predicts sports injuries in Chinese college students at different levels of physical activity and sports performance. Heliyon, 9(6), e16454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16454
Monaco, J.-T., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (n.d.). A Review of the Current Literature on the Utility of the Functional Movement Screen as a Screening Tool to Identify Athletes’ Risk for Injury THE FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN (FMS) IS A POPULAR MOVEMENT SCREENING TOOL USED BY REHABILITATION PRO-FESSIONALS A. 1–7.
Palermi, S., Massa, B., Vecchiato, M., Mazza, F., De Blasiis, P., Romano, A. M., Di Salvatore, M. G., Della Valle, E., Tarantino, D., Ruosi, C., & Sirico, F. (2021). Indirect structural muscle injuries of lower limb: Rehabilitation and therapeutic exercise. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6030075
Pedak, K., Port, K., Rannama, I., & Bazanov, B. (2019). Novel way for FMS score calculation highlights field of sport- specific information among young competitive athletes. 14(June), 5–8. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.proc4.34
Prieto-González, P., Martínez-Castillo, J. L., Fernández-Galván, L. M., Casado, A., Soporki, S., & Sánchez-Infante, J. (2021). Epidemiology of sports-related injuries and associated risk factors in adolescent athletes: An injury surveillance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094857
Shi, J., & Xie, Z. (2020). Application analysis of functional motion screening (FMS) in sports. International Journal of New Developments in Engineering and Society, 4(2), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.25236/IJNDES.040209
Syafei, M., Budi, D. R., Listiandi, A. D., Festiawan, R., Kusnandar, K., Nurcahyo, P. J., Stephani, M. R., & Qohhar, W. (2020). Functional Movement Screening: An Early Detection of The Student Injury Risk in Sport Class. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 5(2), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v5i2.25466
Ustinova, K. I. . L. J. E. (2024). The NewGait Rehabilitative Device Corrects Gait Deviations inIndividuals With Foot Drop. Rehabilitation Research and Practice, 2024(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2751643
Warren, M., Smith, C. A., & Chimera, N. J. (2015). Association of the functional movement screen with injuries in division I athletes. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 24(2), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2013-0141
Xiong, W., Huang, D., & Xu, W. (2021). Big Data and Deep Learning Model for FMS Score Prediction of Aerobics Athletes. Scientific Programming, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3370580
Yıldız, S. (2018). Relationship between functional movement screen and athletic performance in children tennis players. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(8), 1647–1651. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2018.060803
Zhou, K. (2021). The Association between the Injury Risks and the FMS among the Chinese High-Level Table Tennis Athletes. Frontiers in Sport Research, 3(5), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.25236/fsr.2021.030502
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinan Mitsalina, Sandi Prayudho, Apta Mylsidayu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Medikora allows readers to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to its articles' full texts and allows readers to use them for any other lawful purpose. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without restrictions. Finally, the journal allows the author(s) to retain publishing rights without restrictions
- Authors are allowed to archive their submitted article in an open access repository
- Authors are allowed to archive the final published article in an open access repository with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Generic License.
