Uncertainty Analysis of Roughness Profile Measurement Using the 6 Lighting Stereophotometry Method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21831/elinvo.v11i1.90852Keywords:
Gauge Block, Surface Roughness, Photometric Stereo, Measurement Uncertainty, Six Light SourcesAbstract
Surface roughness characterization of gauge blocks is a critical aspect of dimensional metrology for ensuring calibration accuracy. Conventional contact-based measurements risk inducing material surface wear; hence, a precise, non-contact alternative is highly required. This study proposes a non-contact surface roughness measurement system for stainless steel standards and gauge blocks. The system utilizes computer vision-based stereophotometry equipped with an innovative six-source radial illumination configuration. This six-light design aims to overcome shadow distortion constraints while increasing the mathematical data redundancy necessary for accurate surface topography reconstruction. The study was conducted on ten steel gauge block samples for both Class 0 and Class 1 grades, with a nominal range of 1.01 mm to 1.10 mm. The experimental results show that the system can measure the average roughness Ra in the range of 1.5712 µm to 2.1994 µm for Class 0, and 2.1644 µm to 2.7875 µm for Class 1. A comprehensive uncertainty analysis was performed, incorporating a rectangular distribution for camera resolution and a triangular distribution for temperature fluctuations. The metrological evaluation yields a consistent expanded uncertainty of 0.08 m at a 95% confidence level (k=2). These findings confirm that the six-light configuration significantly enhances the reliability of the contactless measurement system, offering strong potential for precision inspection in the automotive and advanced manufacturing industries.
References
[1] Y. Cao, B. Ding, J. Chen, W. Liu, P. Guo, L. Huang, and J. Yang, "Photometric-stereo-based defect detection system for metal parts," Sensors, vol. 22, no. 21, 2022, doi: 10.3390/s22218374.
[2] T. Somthong and Q. Yang, "Average surface roughness evaluation using 3-source photometric stereo technique," International Journal of Metrology and Quality Engineering, vol. 7, no. 4, 2016, doi: 10.1051/ijmqe/2016024.
[3] I. Mujiarto and P. A. S., "Analisis nilai kekasaran dan kekerasan permukaan pada proses pemesinan," Jurnal Teknik Mesin, vol. 10, no. 2, 2022.
[4] L. Nielsen and M. Kiba, "Calibration of gauge block comparators," Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 30, no. 5, p. 055001, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1361-6501/ab07b4.
[5] R. M. Ratlalan and O. Valentine, "Simulasi hasil pengukuran dimensi gauge blocks menggunakan coordinate measuring machine type Crysta-Apex S," Jurnal Mekanova: Mekanikal, Inovasi dan Teknologi, vol. 10, no. 1, 2024.
[6] W. P. Syam, Metrologi Manufaktur: Pengukuran Geometri dan Analisis Ketidakpastian. Kudus: Penerbit Buku Ilmiah, 2018.
[7] L. Zhang and Z. Xu, "A review of photometric stereo techniques for surface roughness measurement," Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 31, no. 8, p. 085007, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1361-6501/ab816c.
[8] E. Juliastuti, I. Setiawan, V. Nadhira, and D. Kurniadi, "Photometric stereo method used for woven fabric density measurement based on 3D surface structure," Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 659–668, 2023, doi: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.6.4.
[9] Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) - Length standards - Gauge blocks, ISO Standard 3650, 1998.
[10] R. A. Dalimunthe, "Pemantau arus listrik berbasis alarm dengan sensor arus menggunakan mikrokontroler Arduino Uno," in Seminar Nasional Royal (SENAR), vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 333–338, 2018.
[11] A. Okur and V. S. Uygur, "A new application of surface roughness tester on fabrics," Journal of Textile and Apparel, vol. 18, no. 2, 2008.
[12] R. Leach, Good Practice Guide No. 37: The Measurement of Surface Texture Using Stylus Instruments. United Kingdom: National Physical Laboratory, 2001.
[13] A. Karami, "Image-based 3D metrology of non-collaborative surfaces," Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Engineering, University of Metrology, 2023.
[14] Y. Yang, E. Rigall, H. Fan, and J. Dong, "Point light measurement and calibration for photometric stereo," IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 73, pp. 1–11, 2023, doi: 10.1109/TIM.2023.3324512.
[15] Y. Quéau, B. Durix, T. Wu, D. Cremers, F. Lauze, and J.-D. Durou, "LED-based photometric stereo: Modeling, calibration and numerical solution," Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, vol. 59, pp. 1–25, 2017 .
[16] R. F. V. Saracchini, J. Stolfi, and H. C. G. Leitao, "Shape reconstruction using a gauge-based photometric stereo method," in Proceedings of the XXXV Latin American Informatics Conference (CLEI), 2009.
[17] K. M. Ahmed, Y. A. AlTalhh, A. N. AlZamil, and N. M. AlQahtani, "Development of a novel interferometric system for short- and long-gauge block calibration," Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 35, no. 12, p. 126015, 2024, doi: 10.1088/1361-6501/ad6f12..
[18] T. Doiron and J. S. Beers, The Gauge Block Handbook (NIST Monograph 180). Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2014.
[19] F. Wang, J. Ren, Guo, H. Ren, and B. Shi, "DiLiGenT-Pi: Photometric stereo for planar surfaces with rich details—benchmark dataset and beyond," in Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, 2023, pp. 9477–9487.
[20] J. Yu, R. Wang, X. Liu, J. Tong, J. Xi, Q. Tang, and L. Cao, "Accuracy improvements of near-field photometric stereo via light source calibration," Optics Express, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 14207–14220, 2025, doi: 10.1364/OE.541203.
[21] C. Hernández, G. Vogiatzis, and R. Cipolla, "Multiview photometric stereo," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 548–554, 2008, doi: 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.70796.
[22] C. Moler and J. Little, "A history of MATLAB," Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages, vol. 4, no. HOPL, pp. 1–67, 2020, doi: 10.1145/3386331.
[23] Á. Loránd and Á. Drégelyi-Kiss, "Influence of surface roughness on the accuracy of dimensional measurements in X-ray computed tomography (CT): A study on 3D-printed workpieces," Advances in Science and Technology, vol. 165, pp. 169–177, 2025, doi: 10.4028/p-47z8v1.
[24] S. Riadi, S. Gunawan, and H. Iskandar, "Influence of indium tin oxide (ITO) poling temperature in vacuum on surface roughness of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film," Jurnal Polimesin, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 2023–2032, 2023.
[25] K. Stępień, J. Świderski, and W. Makieła, "The importance of measurement uncertainty during gauge block calibration in determining compliance with specifications," Measurement, vol. 241, p. 115602, 2025.
[26] L. Shi, H. Zhang, and H. Li, "A comprehensive review of photometric stereo techniques," Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 1–35, 2020.
[27] H. Dow, M. Perry, S. Pennada, R. Lunn, and S. Pytharouli, "3D reconstruction and measurement of concrete spalling using near-field photometric stereo and YOLOv8," Automation in Construction, vol. 166, p. 105633, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2024.105633.
[28] R. J. Woodham, "Photometric method for determining surface orientation from multiple images," Optical Engineering, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 139–144, 1980.
[29] F. Lian, Q. Tan, and S. Liu, "Block thickness measurement using structured light vision," International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2019.
[30] Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia, "Minister of Trade Regulation No. 52: Legal metrology measurement standard," JDIH Kemendag, 2019.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Citation Check
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The article published in ELINVO became ELINVO's right in publication.
This work by ELINVO is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
