Experiential meaning breadth variation of British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) Indonesia online news

The aims of this research are to describe experiential meaning breadth variation of BBC English news texts (T1) and BBC Bahasa Indonesia news texts(T2) which are functional grammatically represented in transitivity clause units, identify factors that cause the experiential meaning breadth variation of T1-T2, and map the context of highest variation of T1-T2. This qualitative research applied semantic content analysis of experiential meaning with the researcher as the research instrument. The results of this study show that experiential meaning variation of T1-T2 is dominated by a significantly high scale of variation. Transfer-based perspective includes T2 as poor translation, while hermeneutic-based includes T2 as a good translation. Experiential meaning breadth variation of T1-T2 are mainly caused by the translation ideology of BBC and translators involved in translation process that allows adjustment to the new readership and to the naturalness of the use of Indonesian language to occur. The constrictions of experiential meaning breadth variation mostly are caused by the addition of clause-rank meaning units which is not part of T1 and the existence of summary and/or synthesis of some T1 clause-rank meaning units.


INTRODUCTION
One of human needs is a need of acquiring information. This need is an essential one for selfactualization towards this changing and developing world. The fulfillment of information is done in various ways, one of which is by reading. As a receptive skill that leads to the ability to act productively, reading is one of the four basic language skills and is a component of written communication. In reading activities, several other influential skills are involved such as cognitive, affective, reading text, and language mastery factors. These four factors have a role to play in meeting news and information needs by reading.
Reading needs can be fulfilled through reading objects available online. Online media offers news and information that changes and develops quickly. In addition, it also has several advantages compared to other media due to a support of technological developments. News and information on online news service pages also have very diverse content offerings and are presented in many languages. Online media has several characteristics, including a quick and continuous information updating, a presence of two-way and egalitarian interactivity, an absolute personalization in the hands of the reader, a payload capacity which is always enlarged, and a possibility to connect with other sources (linkage) (Arifin, 2012 , p.35).
The information source to fulfill the need for news and information is not only limited from the first language, but also comes from various languages, including English. Although English is expressed as a lingua franca, in fact it is still considered as a foreign language in its truly sense which most Indonesians are not proficient in. A big gap between Indonesian and English is one Berlin Insan Pratiwi, Thuthut Kartikarini Copyright © 2018, LingTera, ISSN 2406-9213 (print); ISSN 2477ISSN -1961 factor causing English become the foreign language for Indonesian speakers. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing social reality (Bielsa & Bassnett, 2009, p.7). This statement strengthens characteristics of language as a typical entity so that not all individuals can carry out receptive or productive acts in languages that are not their first language. An arbitrary nature of language becomes a real separation between the fulfillment of information from other languages and the individuals who are not native speakers of those languages.
With the need for information and limited language mastery, translation appears as a bridge between the two. Translation is done with a variety of considerations which include considerations based on need analysis and audience design (Hoed, 2006, p.67). With these considerations, the results of the translation can appear in several different types. In general, the difference between a translation work can be seen based on the orientation emphasized on translation, namely the orientation in the source language or orientation in the target language. In addition, the diversity of translation results is also determined in the translated work. Thus, it can be stated that the characteristics of translation carried out are influenced by the type of work being translated.
BBC online news in English has a significant difference compared to BBC online news inIndonesian. The differences between the two texts are a length of the text, a range of information in the text, and a semantic realization. The semantic realization included in the T1-T2 difference includes aspects of breadth, height, and depth of meaning. This difference also includes semantic aspects of ideational, interpersonal, and textual meaning.
The translation studied in this study was the translation of online news which was identified as the target language oriented translation in the previous research (Mustaqim, 2012, p.ii). This study further examines the variation in the breadth of experiential meaning, the factors that drive the variation, and the context of narrowing and expanding its meaning.
The objective needs to be achieved in this research is (i) to describe the experiential meaning breadth variation of BBC English news texts (T1) and BBC Bahasa Indonesia news texts (T2) which are functional grammatically represented in transitivity clause units, (ii) identify factors that cause the experiential meaning breadth variation of T1-T2, and (iii) map the context of high variation of T1-T2.

METHOD
This research is a descriptive research with qualitative research design and content analysis type. This type of content analysis research was selected because the researcher wanted to describe the breadth of experiential meaning in the translated news text as well as to map the narrowing and extension of the meaning of T1-T2.
This research on variations in the breadth of expriential meaning in news translations on the BBC Indonesia page does not specifically take a particular place as a setting of research. Data collecting process and analysis were carried out anywhere as long as there is internet access in the data collection stage and the availability of data which is ready for analysis in the data analysis stage.
The research time was throughout the process of data collection until the analysis was completed, i.e. when the results of the analysis could be used to answer research questions. The research ended when the conclusion could be drawn. In its implementation, it can be reported that from the data collection stage to the conclusions the research began in October 2014 and ended in November 2015.
Subjek penelitian ini adalah semiotika kebahasaan yaitu teks berita BBC berbahasa Inggris dan teks berita BBC berbahasa Indonesia. Secara sematik, unit analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah unit semantik (makna) eksperiensial. Secara gramatika, unit analisis dalam penelitian ini berupa unit klausa transitivitas yang terdiri dari process, participant, dan circumstance. Berikut adalah contoh unit analisis semantis transitivitas yang diteliti: The subject of this research was linguistic semiotics, namely BBC news texts in English and BBC Indonesian news texts. Semistically, the unit of analysis in this study was experiential semantic (meaning) units. Grammatically, the unit of analysis in this study was a transitivity clause unit consisting of process, participant, and circumstance. The following is an example of the semantic analysis unit of transitivity which was examined: 18.4/4. The typical convalesce period was one to three years, he suggested. 18.4/4. Periode pemulihan biasanya berkisar 1-3 tahun, ungkapnya.
Both of these clauses are examples of full transitivity clause units with the following sections: The typical convalesce periodwasone to three years 1 , hesuggested 2 .
The above T1 clause is the transitivity clause unit having two processes, i.e. a relational process (1) and a verbal process (2) . The relational process contains carrier (the typical convalesce period), the relational process (was), and attribute (one to two years). The verbal process contains sayer (he) andthe verbal process (suggested).
Similar to the T1 clause, the T2 clause is the transitivity clause unit containing two processes,the relational process (1) and verbal process (2) . The relational process has carrier (periode pemulihan) and attribute (berkisar 1-3 tahun). The verbal process within the clause contains the verbal process (ungkap) andsayer (nya).
Data collection technique used in this study wasread-note.
Observations were conductedto find out the news from T1 which was in T2 as well. Read-note technique was used to obtain data in English and Indonesian. Following were steps taken in collecting data: (1) reading the news text on the Indonesian language page as a whole to find out the availability of news translations; (2) searching for the source text on English pages; (3) inputting one by one clause in the column stored in the computer archive.
Data collecting instruments used in this study were internet connections, a laptop, stationery, and researchers as human instruments. Internet connection as a condition of obtaining data by accessing both pages. The laptop was used to access the internet and store obtained data. Stationery was used to facilitate the readingnote technique after data were collected and ready for analysis. As a human instrument, the researchers played a role in text selection to collect data. Researchers also played a role in the process of interpreting data with the knowledge they had which were supported by related theories as a research basis.
In the discussion, the data numbering was read in the following order: (1) news text number; (2) clause number Arabic number T1; (3) clause number Arabic T2 number. If in the discussion the data number 1.2 / 3were found, this means that the displayed data came from news text 1, clause unit number 2 on T1, and clause unit number 3 on T2. The asterisk (*) symbol contained in the data number showed the T2 clause that had been expanded (not found in T1).
Data analysis technique employed in this study was carried out using the matching method. At the data processing stage, the researchers performed the following actions: (1) breakinga complex clause into a simplex one; (2) analyzing constituents of the clause based on the theory of transitivity; (3) classifying types of variations based on the findings of stage two; (4) identifying factors that cause variations in the breadth of experiential meaning; and (5) mapping the context of the narrowing and expansion of the T1-T2 experiential meaning.
Parameters used to determine the variation in the breadth of experiential meaning in this study were derived from a clause pattern in the experiential meaning which was an illustration of the theory of transitivity (Butt, et al, 2001, p.46). Table 1 is the parameter that determines the variation in the breadth of experiential meaning in this study: Variations related to changes in the process category. Variation 5 Variations that refer to changes in the number of process elements. This is generally realized by the predicate in Indonesian.

Variation 6
Variations that refer to the loss of all elements of the clause, and include the emergence of new clauses.
An identification of the variations causes in the breadth of experiential meaning was carried out with the translation ideology approach used. Meanwhile, the context mapping of the narrowing and expansion of experiential meaning was done by observing the content that was raised and eliminated in the text.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Results of this study showed the following tabulation: Based on the analysis carried out it was known that the level of variation in the breadth of experiential meaning of the news text studied was very high. The T2 studied showed the translator's orientation in the target language. This orientation was a reflection of considerations and analysis before translating which includes an analysis of the intent of the author T1 (related to the function of the text) and an analysis of how the intention is conveyed in T1 (Machali, 2009, p. 59). In addition, the translator also considered the aspect of target readers before translating. This is referred to an analysis for whom (audience design) and for what purpose translation is done (needs analysis) (Hoed, 2006, p.67).
The free translation method that was commonly used among mass media was also used in the translation of online news which was examined. This method allowed the translator to sacrifice the original form of T1 through the act of paraphrasing so that it creates a new form of news (Machali, 2009, p.81). The use of free method in translating BBC online news was a major factor that caused high levels of variation in the breadth of experiential meaning.
The findings in this study indicated that there was a tendency for T2 to behave (in interpreting meaning) to free themselves from T1. These findings can be interpreted in two meanings, namely the meaning from the point of view of transfer-based translation and meaning from the point of view of hermeneutics-based translation.
Both perspectives showed contradictory meanings.
The transfer-based perspective interpreted T2 as a poortranslation work. In this view T1 as the source text must be transferred thoroughly into T2 as the target text. This meaning interpretation is in line with Tou's statement (2008, p.29) "... (3) a source meaning transfer process in which source means in a source text in a source language should be transferred to and kept in a receptor / target text in a receptor / target language".
The hermeneutics-based perspective interpreted T2 as a good translation work. In this view T2 as the target text was not as a translation result, but the second translation (a translation for the second time or translation of translation). With the position of T2 as translation of translation (Tou, 2008, pp. 32-33) it allowed the translators to have the freedom to produce the translation works that are adapted to various considerations. Venuti (2004, p.5) states that there is a "relative autonomy of translation" which is then a form of translation autonomy based on these statements occurring in the translated text studied. Autonomy is textually emerged as a new work whose novelty includes the form and grammar of the entire text and the range of information presented. In addition, the novelty that occurs in T2 is also the result of consideration and analysis in translation which includes audience design and needs analysis. Adjustment to changes in the target reader and the prevalence in the target language causes T2 to be categorized as a good translation because it is oriented towards the target language (domesticating translation). This also means that the T1 and T2 bond is not strong so T2 can appear as a new text in various aspects.

The Breadth Variation of T1-T2 Experiential Meaning
Variation 6 was the dominant variation (65%) occurring in the data studied so that in this study it is stated as the characteristic of research data. The addition and subtraction of all elements that form clauses in the data showed the translator's orientation in carrying out the translation. In the research data, the sixth variation appeared in the form of theT2 clauses that do not translate with the T1 clauses and the removal of the T1 clauses in the presentation of T2.
Variation 5 showed a percentage of 9.5%. This variation occured due to the breakdown of the T1 clauses in the presentation of T2, as well as the incorporation of the T1 clauses in the presentation of T2. The difference between English and Indonesian language systems influences the variation in the breadth of experiential meaning, especially in clauses whose type is relational processes. Those variation 5 data showed the addition of the number of process elements with the same type (T1 = material; T2 = material, material). This addition occured because in T2 the embodiment of the clause of T1 was separated so that two clauses appeared, each of which had a form of process. The circumstance element in T1 was formed into complete clause constituent. This did not change the meaning, but made it easier for the target language text readers to a clause that had a follow the flow of events reported by providing additional information about the details in the form of days and dates.
Variation 4 presented a change in the constituent element of the clause which was essential in the transitivity theory, that was a process. The examined data showed variation 4 occured as much as 5.6% of the data. The change in the process element was found since there was a separation in the T1 single clause in clause so that it was not possible to maintain the use of the process type as in T1. In addition, many process types changes occured in sentences that had projections, both in the projection clause and in the projecting clause.
Those variation 4 data showed the changes in the clause process occured due to the clause separation and the selection of translated clause clauses. The translators focused on the initial part of T1 which acted as a circumstance in T1 to be used as an independent clause in T2. This gave a very visible effect on the process type that was formed by the clause on T2.
3.6/6. As part of a branding deal first signed in 2011, Lego has also sold toy brick sets in the shape of petrol stations and drilling rigs with Shell's logos on them. circ ( Variation 3 showed a percentage of 1.9% of the total data studied. The loss and appearance of the actor element in T2 were also influenced by the construction of the sentence chosen by the translator. If the translator chooses a passive sentence construction, then the actor element in T1 would be lost in the presentation of T2. Variation 3 data were wrapped in the form of a passive clause construction with Senegal as verbiage in the verbal process, while T2 was realized in the active clause construction by changing the constituent Senegal as verbiage on T1 to sayer on T2. When compared to the level of meaning, there was a significant difference in meaning between T1 and T2. It could be illustrated that in T1 the actor (sayer) could be guessed by the actor (sayer) the clause was seen individually, but the form of the actor (sayer) could be found by reading the clauses that preceded T1, namely WHO. This was different from the realization on T2 whose form (sayer) was expressed directly in the clause. The important thing that must be highlighted from this data is the difference in the reference of the actor (sayer), namely in T1 the sayer is WHO, while in T2 the sayer is Senegal.
Variation 2 in the finding implied a completeness of the meaning described in the clause. Data including variation two showed that the loss of complementary elements in the clause could distort the meaning of the experience captured by the readers. Variation 2 data showed that in the realization of the text in the target language the receiver constituent element which was reporters was omitted. T1 presented the atmosphere of delivery by sayer by including receiver that was related in the situation, while the realization of T2 did not provide a comprehensive picture. In other words, there was a picture that could not be captured by the target text readers because both in the clause and in the entire text, the information related to the speech receiver from sayer was not delivered.
Variation 1 in the finding implied in details about the meaning of the described experience. This overall variation was 5.2% of the data. The optional nature of circumstance causes this element to be in the outer circle of the clause pattern illustration (Butt, et al, 2001, p.46 Variation 1 data showed a reduction in the information element. In T1 the existence of the information element raised a comprehensive picture of what the actor did and how the actor acted. In addition, the existence of these elements on T1 also included the purpose of the action.
Variation 0 in the research data was a variation which was categorized based on the absence of a change in the number of T1 meaning elements on T2. All constituents contained in T1 were realized without changing, reducing, or adding to the T2 realization. In other words, the number and constituents of the clauses in T1 were the same as those contained in T1. 11.7/7. He launched his own label several years later. actor: He p.mat: Launched goal: his own label circ (location): several years later. 11.7/7. Beberapa tahun kemudian, dia meluncurkan label dengan namanya sendiri.

Driving Factors for T1-T2 Experiential Meaning Breadth Variation
Broadly speaking, the factors that drive the variation in the breadth of the T1-T2 experiential meaning are the translation ideology owned by the BBC. This translation ideology can be seen from the translation results in the form of free translation. This supports the findings of Mustaqim (2012) which states that online news translations on the BBC's Indonesian-language pages are oriented to the target language. The identification of the translation ideology can be seen from the translator's efforts to adjust the translation results with the target readers and the translator's efforts to adjust the realization of T2 with the usual use of Indonesian. Actions that are more real as a form of reflection of the translation ideology can be seen in the merging of several T1 clauses into one T2 clause, the breakdown of one T1 clause into several T2 clauses, changes in constructs of active-passive sentences, and changes that occur as an adjustment to differences in English and Indonesian constructs, especially in the relational process clause type.
In addition to the translation ideology factor, kinds of translated source also influence the results of the translation. Unstable sources that include informative articles, interpretive texts, and interviews allow the author (in this case the translator) to be able to freely modify the text (Valdeón, 2015, p.443). The adaptation of translation results is included in the concept of news translation framing so that the adaptation of the translation text to the target reader can be done (Valdeón, 2014, p. 51). The news translation is also referred as transediting (Valdeón, 2014, p. 51). This terminology refers to Stetting's statement (1989, p. 371) which states that all changes that occur when news producers receive a text in the source language and then translate it to the target readers can involve materials from different sources. Furthermore, transediting includes three types of adaptation, namely: (a) adaptation to target language efficiency standards -cleaning-up transediting, (b) adaptation to certain functions related to texts translated in new social contexts -situational transediting, and (c) adaptation to needs and all conventions that exist in the target culturecultural transditing (Valdeón, 2014, p. 51).
Related to the findings in previous studies, the differences in the two language systems involved also influence the variations that occur. The differences in language systems in the translated text cause variations in meaning (Permata Sari, 2014, pp. 59-60). This is also found in this study. The difference in the English language system as a T1 and Indonesian as T2 plays a role in the variation in the breadth of experiential meaning, especially in the relational process clause.

T1-T2 Experiential Meaning Narrowing
The results of this study indicate the context of the experiential meaning narrowing including sentences that contain specific details about the events reported. These details cover the background of the event, a detailed description of the event, a description that is considered to be known by the target readers, information in the form of an event chronology, and the editor's view.

A day earlier, she faced angry questions in
Congress about a major breach of White House security.
Data 1.4. were an example of a clause that was not realized in T2 so it was classified in a sixscale variation. The clause contained details about the actor's background (she, Julia Person, Secret Service director) carried out the material process (resign). These details were classified as details regarding the background of events that were not raised in the presentation of T2.
19.14. They finished third on The X Factor in 2010.
Data 19.14 were an example of a sentence that did not appear on T2, thus it showed the T1-T2 experiential meaning narrowing. This was possible because the translator considered that the information was quite familiar for the readers. This entertainment news appeared on the entertainment channel that allowed the readers to be the people who were already familiar with this group of people. In addition, there was a possibility that the translator considered this clause as detailed information that was not needed or irrelevant for the T2 readers. Data 25.7-9 were not displayed in the realization of T2. T1 presented a lot of news that appeared along with the data in the form of chronology of an event, while T2 appeared in a simpler form and had a more limited number of meaning units in the sentence level. Using data 25.7-7, it was proven that the sentence-level meaning unit in the form of event chronology was not displayed in the realization of T2 so that it narrowed the experiential meaning of T1-T2. Data 2.*.13-14 showed that there was a possibility that the translator added information content outside T1 in the translation process. In the other data, it was found the appearance of T2 in the form of a fragment of a T1 clause or a summary of several clausal level units and sentences from T1. Significant changes in the realization of this sentence-level meaning unit gave the impression that the meaning unit arose without being based on T1 data, whereas if seen and observed further the unit of meaning was a paraphrase of some sentence-level meaning unit from T1 as in data 7.7. 7.7. The marbles -depicting gods, men and monsters -were removed from the Parthenon in Athens in 1811 by Lord Elgin, the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, which controlled Greece at the time. 7.*12. Terbuat dari marmer, patung-patung dari Abad ke-5 Sebelum Masehi itu menggambarkan para dewa, manusia, monster, dan hewan.

CONCLUSION
Variations in the breadth of experiential meaning (VBEM) in T1-T2 included Variation 0 to 6. It shows that in the data there were additions, subtractions, and changes in all elements of the experience meaning including the elements of circumstance, complement participants, participants, and process. The findings in this study indicate that there is a tendency for T2 to free (in making meaning) themselves from T1. VBEM that occured in the data had a different meaning between the meaning from a transferbased point of view and a hermeneutics-based perspective. The meaning from a transfer-based point of view classified T2 as a bad translation, while the meaning from a hermeneutical-based perspective classified T2 as a good translation. The driving factor for the occurrence of VBEM T1-T2 was the translation ideology i.e. domesticating translation. The translation ideology that encouraged the occurrence of VBEM T1-T2 included the translator's efforts in adjusting the translation results with the changes in the reader and the prevalence of the target language usage. A novelty of T2 which was influenced by the translation ideology was also seen from the layout of the T2 information sequence and the length of the target text. The translation ideology used has given a room to realize T1 in the target language with various considerations and adjustments. The breadth of the experiential meaning in T1-T2 in these research data mostly occured due to the addition of clause-level and sentence-level meaning units which were not originated from T1. In this study, the breadth of the experiential meaning was a summary of several clause-level or sentencelevel meaning units T1 whose form was very different from T1.