APPLICATION OF LABELING ALGORITHM TO AWGNI SENTENCES CLASSIFIED BY THEIR STRUCTURE

Awgni is spoken by more than one million people in a widespread area in northwest Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to apply Labeling Algorithm {XP, YP} to examine Syntactic Object representations found in Awgni sentences contained by their structure. A descriptive design and purposive sampling technique were used to look at research objective. Tools used during collecting data were interview and focused group discussion. The finding showed that simple sentence structures of Awgni have no more than one Verbal head. On the other hand, compound, complex and compound complex sentence may perhaps have two and more verbal heads in their hierarchical structures. Sentences in terms of their outward appearances, structure, syntactic entity expressions they enclose were dissimilar. Thus, every sentence structure has phrasal categories that include Determiner Phrase (DP), Prepositional phrase (PP), Noun Phrase (NP), Adverb Phrase (ADVP), Verb Phrase (VP) and Adjective Phrase (AP). As a final point, it is suggested that a further research on how Labeling Algorithm {XP, H} and {X, Y} applies to examine Syntactic Object representations found within simple, compound, complex and compound complex sentences of Awgni.


INTRODUCTION
The Agaw are the Cushitic ethnic cluster inhabiting Ethiopia and adjoining Eritrea (Appleyard, 1984(Appleyard, , 2006Hetzron, 1976). Culturally and ethnically, they are branch of a wider population of Cushitic peoples. They speak the Agaw languages, which belong to the Cushitic subdivision of the Afroasiatic language family, and have a high degree of mutual intelligibility between them. Desalegn (2016) declared that, the Agaw languages are one of the least studied languages found in Ethiopia. They at this time exist in a number of scattered enclaves, which comprises the Northern Agaw Blin. They live in Eritrea, within and in the region of Keren inside Anseba zone. Western Agaw comprises Qemant, who live around the North Gondar Zone of the Amhara Region, West of the Tekezé River and North of Lake Tana. In this regard, Semalgn (2015) informed that the Kimant are the original residents of the North innermost parts of Ethiopia. The Eastern Agaw people who live in the region of the Simien mountainous highlands of Northern Ethiopia are the Xamir. Currently, they are living in the region of the Wage Xamir Zone, sandwiched between the Southern part of Tigrinya and the Amharic speaking group of people (Teshome, 2015). As noted by Darmon (2012) there are at least five dialects of Xamtanga: Sak'ʷät'ä (South East), S'agїbǧi (East), Zїqʷalä (Central), Sämen (West) and Abїrgälle.
The Southern Agaw (the center of this study) comprises Awgni. It is the central Cushitic language spoken by Awi people, existing within the middle of Gojjam in North West Ethiopia. The majority speakers of Awgni live in Awi zone of the Amhara regional state. Moreover, there are Awi communities speaking Awgni language in different regions of Metekel Zone of Binshangul Gumuz area. Pending lately, Kulazgni, an additional Southern Agaw language spoken in the area West of Lake Tana, has been suspended to be a separate language. Linguistically it related to Awgni (Esubalew, 2015). Awgni transmissible cultural inheritances have mostly subsisted in the reminiscences of customary bearers. Thus, it can obviously be considered on the threshold of extermination.
Awgni is a little documented Central Cushitic language spoken by over one million native speakers in Amhara regional state of Ethiopia; thus, there has been small research on the language . As a result, the center of this research is to fill this gap by conducting a comprehensive examination on how Labeling Algorithm can be applied to look at Awgni sentences classified by their structure. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to apply Labeling Algorithm {XP, YP} to inspect Syntactic Object representations found in Awgni sentences enclosed through their structure.
Merge is one of the basic operations in the Minimalist Program, a leading approach to generative syntax, when two syntactic objects are combined to form a new syntactic unit. It also has the property of recursion in that it may apply to its own output. The objects combined by Merge are either lexical items or sets that were themselves formed by Merge. This recursive property of Merge has been claimed to be a fundamental characteristic that distinguishes language from other cognitive faculties. It is an indispensable operation of a recursive system, which takes two syntactic objects to form the new SO (Chomsky, 1999). Within the Minimalist Program, syntax is derivational, and Merge is the structural building operation. It is assumed to have certain formal properties constraining syntactic structure, and is implemented with specific mechanisms. In terms of a merge-base theory of language acquisition, complements and specifiers are simply notations for first-merge and later second merge with merge always forming to a head. It is this property of recursion that allows for projection and labeling of a phrase to take place (Moro, 2000). Chomsky (2013) writes under PSG (Phrase Structure Grammar) that its offshoots, labeling is a division of the procedure of forming a Syntactic Object (SO). The operation Merge merges two SOs, X and Y, to form a set {X, Y} from them. Furthermore, it generates a new SO, which is dissimilar as of its members. Take, for example, Merge of V eat/xu with DP the bread/ tušie. The resulting Syntactic Object from this Merge is corresponding to neither V nor DP, although it is a new object normally symbolized as VP (Chomsky, 2014(Chomsky, , 2015aMurphy, 2015). Syntactic Objects (SOs) to be examined, different information's are essential concerning them: what kind of Syntactic Objects are they? Consequently, labeling is the expansion of making available that information (Chomsky, 2013). Chomsky (2013Chomsky ( , 2015 endeavor to divide labeling from Merge, reserving it for a new syntactic operation that he calls a Labeling Algorithm (LA). The operation Labeling Algorithm (LA), as he argues, looks for the structurally adjoining or the least embedded head (H) in a given SO, identifying such a head as the label of the SO. According to Chomsky (2013) in SO = {XP, YP}, minimal search is vague, indicating (with uniformly negligible profundity of look for) every two heads X and Y of XP, YP, in that order. It is understood that such malfunction to recognize an exceptional head in {XP, YP} averts labeling, and because labels are involved for interpreta tion at the conceptualintentional interface (CI). If the object missing the label comes into view at conceptual-intentional interface, it disobeys Full explanation (Chomsky, 2013(Chomsky, , 2014a(Chomsky, , 2014bElly, 2015). Intended for Chomsky's (2013), though, there is technique in which unlabeled {XP, YP} be able to be retrieved: Syntactic Object (by raising either XP or YP) have to be adapted; consequently there is merely single noticeable head is X or Y not X and Y (Adger, 2016;Epstein, Kitahar and Seely, 2014;Narita, 2016;Sobin, 2016).
Proposal: here I projected that Syntactic trees be obliged to be consistently labeled at the interface (Rizzi, 2015;Shlonsky and Rizzi, 2015). These standard labeling inform the interfaces what type of Syntactic Objects they are representing (Chomsky, 2013(Chomsky, , 2014(Chomsky, , 2015. Therefore, regular labeling can be an outcome of interpretive philosophies, which may require labels to be correctly interpreting structure. The labeler of a group fashioned by Merge is {XP, YP} case, distinct by LA that adjust SO by raising XP, thus, there is simply single noticeable head for the complete SO (Chomsky 2013). In this regard, Y stands for the main Verb, which is established at the closing stages of simple sentence structure (Chomsky, 2014;Elly, 2015) as in: Auxiliary verbs might happen at the ending stages of sentence structure. In this case, they correspond to T location and just assist the major Verb that approaches prior to it. Grouping such as DP, VP, NP, AP, PP and ADVP are intended for expository expediency (Adger, 2016;Chomsky, 2013;Leu, 2014) as in: In the preceding demonstration merge joins two Syntactic Objects, for instance, DP/CP and TP to structure a set {DP, TP} from them. These in order generate a new Syntactic Object XP, which is dissimilar from its associates. XP has no family members stuck between DP and TP. Moreover, T is feeble to draw round the label (Chomsky, 2015). The Labeling Algorithm distinguish YP, but not XP, which is the subordinate division of a alternating constituent, a sequence consisting of a succession of reproductions headed by the structurally most significant constituent. It is necessary that the grouping be allocated, and the alternative is predetermined to be Y=v, the verbal head of the sentence, evidently the preferred ending. Consequently, noteworthy information concerning Syntactic Objects will be offered by particular selected constituent, which is a head (Chomsky, 2013).
The previous representation was only intended for simple sentence structures. In the case of compound, complex and compound complex sentence, there subsists at least two verbal heads. To demonstrate Syntactic Object representations, I develop the model that can be expanded as in: Awgni language does not authorize complementizers (C) approximating that/ an or ana, whatever/ yaxux yaxuni, etc . Consequently, the locations of CP live in the position of Determiner Phrase (DP). In Awgni, the subject has to be visible in {DP, TP} arrangements (Alrenga, 2005;Davies & Dubinsky, 2009).
By same token, sentential constituents such as sentence-final particles, complementizers, agreement morphemes, tense, determiners, aspect, focus, and verbs found in embedded clause are not actually the head of that phrase, which ought to somewhat in use to be quiet (Chomsky, 2013;Cinque, 2014;Hartman, 2011;Lechner, 2006;Leu, 2014;Roberts, 2010). Furthermore, Awgni discards Syntactic Object movements as a syntactic process, known that they not at all have semantic consequence

METHOD
The descriptive survey research design was used to examine how Labeling Algorithm {XP, YP} is pertinent to inspect Syntactic Object representations found in Awgni sentences enclosed within their structure. The target populations of this research were teachers that teach Awgni in elementary (6), high school (4) and college (3) of Awi zone. Thirteen informants (7 males, 6 females) were chosen and participated in the course of interview. Two group discussions were arranged to crosscheck the validity and reliability of the intended data.
Based on structural grouping, the outline, and the length of data and structural straightforwardness as easy to demonstrate, 20 sentences were selected for interpretation. The method of data examination working in present study was Labeling Algorithm {XP, YP}. This model is really challenging. As a result, LA modifies Syntactic Object by raising XP, and then in the case of simple sentence, there would be one perceptible verbal head originated at the closing stages of sentence structure. On the contrary, compound, complex and compound complex sentences may have more than two verbal heads in their hierarchy beneath the tree structure. In this case, auxiliary verbs, which might emerge at the end of sentence structure, were not heads. They receive T location in the tree. Furthermore, a supposition that is understood in the interpretation, which I have accessible here, is that phrases and sentences are derived and can be read from left to right.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Result
The purpose of this study was to apply Labeling Algorithm {XP, YP} to look at Syntactic Object representations bring into being within Awgni sentences enclosed through their structure. The finding showed that simple sentence structures of Awgni have only one Verbal head. On the other hand, compound, complex and compound complex sentence might perhaps have two and more verbal heads. Syntactic Object representations found in every simple, compound, compound-complex, and complex sentence structures were interpreted in succeeding sections.

Simple Sentences
Simple sentences enclose just single independent clause. Independent clauses are systematic clusters of words that have subjects and verbs, which can place alone and provide the full thought. These types of sentences have purely one independent clause, and they do not hold every subsidiary clause. The arrangement or sequences of sentence components in Awgni are subject, object, and verb (SOV). Parts of sentences that contain subjects, verbs and other constitutes that complete thoughts were independent clause.
(1) Kebed debdabie ŝafuxa Kebed the letter wrote 'Kebed wrote the letter' What (1) tells us is that the overall expression Kebed debdabie ŝafuxa is simple sentence; its head is the verb/V ŝafuxa, and the complement of ŝafuxa is the Determiner Phrase debdabie. The subject of the entire sentence is Kebed. Furthermore, the sentence Kebed debdabie ŝafuxa is a projection of the Verb ŝafuxa. For the same reason, the object debdabie conveys the thoughtful of what the subject was actually done.
(2) Angučka axuo fїčena Cats the water hate 'Cats hate the water' The abovementioned (2) simple sentence structure consists of merely single independent clause, which has a subject the Noun Phrase Angučka and a Verb Phrase axuo fїčena. In the case of the head, fїčena receives the action. Axuo is the object of the head verb. Since, the head verb fїčena receives the hate action; it immediately receives the Determiner Phrase axuo as a complement. (

3) Wondesta Woldu bїtie aresuna Wonde and Woldu the land plowed 'Wonde and Woldu plowed the land'
This (3) simple sentence has compound subject: Wondesta Woldu. The conjunction sta adjoins Wonde and Woldu. The head Verb in the given structure is aresuna. Here the XP depicts the subject Wondesta Woldu, the predicate aresuna and a third item, the object bїtie, which is the complement. Bїtie refer to the entities on which the act of plowing performed. The subject Wondesta Woldu, the complement bїtie are the two arguments of the predicate aresuna (i.e. the two entities involved in the act of plowing).

(4) Lїgda aqa tušie tušte A beautiful woman the bread bakes 'A beautiful woman bakes the bread'
The above structure (4) has the subject Determiner Phrase lїgda aqa, the object tušie and the Verb tušte. Tušte passes over from the subject aqa and the object tuše. At this instant, the analysis is claiming that tušie tušte is VP which itself contains another NP tušie, and a verb tušte.

(5) Tilaye worko Sofanits їyxo
Tilaye the gold to Sofanit gave 'Tilaye gave the gold to Sofanit' In (5) Sofanits is indirect object that, denoting the addressee of the action. This object is placed between the head verb їyxo and direct object worko. It is used with transitive verb. The Subject Tilaye is the principal part of the sentence, expressed by a word which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and with which the second principal part, the predicate, agrees in number and person. The head of the overall sentence structure is the verb їyxo.

Compound sentences
Compound sentences in Awgni holds two or more independent clauses connected through coordinating conjunctions like sta/and, yaxesgu/ however or axuki/or etc. Coordinative adverbs in this regard create the steadiness of equal weight between the two clauses. It is formed by joining one independent clause to another simple sentence using connecting conjunctions. Comma is used before a coordinating conjunction when compound sentence was written as in: (6) An šayie zїqxo, Ƞaji kuŝi buno zїquna I tea drank they but coffee drank 'I drank tea, but they drank coffee' Compound sentences like (6) may require conjunction like kuŝi. In that case, syntactic structure of an šayie zїqxo, Ƞaji kuŝi buno zїquna con sists of two sentences an šaye zїqxo and Ƞaji kuŝi buno zїquna. The Verb zїqxo and the Determiner Phrase an šaye were bounding the first sentence. The second sentence also conjoins with the subject ղaji and the verb zղquna. Therefore, Labeling Algorithm particularly chooses zղquna and zղqxo as visible verbal heads.
(7) ղaji asuo dղxuna, yaxesgu ղi wuno zurղixo They false told; however, he the truth respond 'They told the false; but he responded the truth' According to (7) ղaji asuo dղxuna is simple sentence. It still consists of one subject (a noun ղaji) and one predicate (a verb dղxuna and other syntactic object asuo). Seemingly, ղi wuno zurղixo is another simple sentence, which contains one predicate (the head verb zurղixo and other syntactic object wuno). Subjects in these sentences are ղaji and ղi. Verbal heads dղxuna and zurղixo were conjoined within compound sentence structure.
Compound sentences can also be made by putting a semicolon (;) between two closely related sentences. Conjunctive adverbs often put after the semicolon to make the connection between the sentences more obvious. Since conjunctive adverbs yaxesgu / however, dղmknis/ in addition, ղղšisu gizda /meanwhile, yaxitiyas/ otherwise, mղslis/ similarly, sifղis/ subsequently, andeski/ then are really adverbs, they can also appear in other parts of the sentence immediately after the semicolon as in: (8) Dadixi kղmkawa dadexuxa; andesky ղmbitama giղuxa The thief animals stolen; then quickly run 'The thief stolen animals; then he run quickly' What (8) notifies us is that dadixi kղmkawa dadexuxa; andesky ղmbitama geղuxa is compound sentence consists of two simple sentences. It is formed by joining with dadixi kղmkawa dadexuxa to another simple sentence ղmbitama geղuxa using conjunctive adverb andesky. The subject of the entire sentence is dadixi and the head of the overall structure is the Verb giղuxa. Adverb Phrase kղmkawa dadexuxa; andesky ղmbitama is the complement of giղuxa.
(9) Tamaye kղntiղnašo kata; yaxesgu zurtayaki Tamaye to the school went; however, she did not come 'Tamaye went to the school; however, she did not come' In this (9) structure, Tamaye kղntiղnašo kata; yaxesgu zurtayaki is a compound sentence that contains two independent clauses such as Tamaye kղntiղnašo kata and yaxesgu zurtayaki. As shown in the sentences structure, semicolon conjoined these independent clauses. Moreover, conjunctive adverb yaxesgu is used to join two independent clauses together. XP node is conjoined into two sentences: Tamaye kղntiղnašo kata and yaxesgu zurtayaki. Labeling Algorithm unambiguously selects kata and zurtayaki as visible verbal heads.
(10) An dunizie fղղte ; yaxesgu, amlie ղnkane I the potato hate; however, the cabbage love 'I hate the potato; however, I love the cabbage' The sentence elements represented by the symbol XP in (10) consists of two constituents: sentence one an dunizie fղղte and another sentence yaxesgu, amlie ղnkane. Sentence one contains the subject Noun Phrase an and the Verb Phrase dunizie fղղte. This Verb Phrase in turn encloses Determiner Phrase (DP) dunizie and the Verb Phrase fղղte. Similarly sentence two contains bare Noun Phrase (since it was stated in sentence one), and the Verb Phrase yaxesgu, amlie ղnkane. The Verb Phrase is further broken down into three bits: Adverb Phase yaxesgu, the Noun amlie, and the head Verb ղnkane.
(11) Tarik appleo xuղs faye, muzo kuղi xuղo fayalaki Tarik the apple to eat likes the banana but eat don't like 'Tarik likes to eat apple, but he doesn't want to eat banana' In the aforementioned notation (11) the sentence structure contains two independent clauses: Tarik appleo xuղs faye and muzo kuղi xuղo fayalaki could both form complete sentences. The example has now become a compound sentence, which is one that contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction kuղi.

Complex Sentences
Complex sentences are sentences that enclose independent clauses and single or more dependent clauses. Independent clauses are phrases that would make sense if they were sentences on their own, whereas dependent clauses will not form sentences on their own. When these types of clauses emerge in a sentence, complex sentences were created. Many instances of conjoining constituents other than clauses were best regarded as a version of conjoined clauses.
(12) An tariko anbepus axenkawa tղnkakis kante I the story read events carefully examine 'I can examine events carefully when I read the story' Under the given structure (12), the existing complex sentences consist of only one dependent clause an tariko anbepus and one independent clause axenkawa tղnkakis kante. The sentence structure an tariko anbepus axenkawa tղnkakis kante is broken down into Verb Phrase one an tariko anbepus and Verb Phrase two axenkawa tղnkakis kante. The Noun Phrase consists of dependent clause modifier tariko anbepus and the subject Noun Phrase an.
(13) Filmo kantղdes fղnda meղafo anbebղs kale The Film watch before the book read can 'I can read the book before I watch the film' Tree notation in (13) specifies that filmo kantղdes is subordinate clause, which contains a null subject and the Determiner Phrase filmo, and the predicate kantղdes but does not express a complete thought. On the other hand, meղafo anbebղs kale is the major, supper ordinate or independent clause because it can stand on its own.  (14) provides Mulat dinikղe meղafo ղafama, genzebo agղuxa is complex sentences. In this sentence structure, an independent clause genzebo agղuxa is joined by one dependent clause Mulat dinikղe meղafo ղafama. The subject of the entire sentence structure is Mulat.
(15) An Englizղe kղղkղղis kղntux mղkniat aylo yisata ղinisղs yax I English perfectly learned because very hard studied 'I learned English perfectly because I studied very hard' Given the assumption of syntactic object representation such as (15) puts on the view that dependent and independent clauses are conjoining in the tree. Therefore, an Englizղe kղղkղղis kղntux is a dependent clause. The second merge aylo yisata ղinisղs yax is the simple sentence that it contains the subject an and the verb ղinisղs. Moreover, an serves as subject for dependent clause Englizղe kղղkղղis kղntux mղkniat and independent clauses aylo yisata ղinisղs yax. The subject an is the Noun Phrase (NP) kղntux is the Verb Phrase (VP).
Mղkniat is also an Adverb (ADV), which serves as a subordinating conjunction. Notice that in (16), both dependent yaga Beyene ղnjabirišo yintux and the independent clause ղnojis lղgdi giz ղšixo are necessary to make a complete meaning. The main clause ղšixo does not make sense on its own. It requires the dependent clause yaga Beyene ղnjabirišo yintux guzma to complete its meaning.
(17) Kղntղanti kղntantka ղղnšo kasղo yaqa The teacher students to house went knew 'The teacher knew that students went to house' A key feature of the analysis within (17) is that, sentence appears to have two main components that each function as units, specifically dependent clause kղntantka ղղnšo kasղo and independent clause kղntղanti yaqa. Kղntղanti is the subject of the entire sentence structure. Kղntantka ղղnšo is the Prepositional Phrase. This Phrase structure has Noun Phrase kղntantka, and the Prepositional Phrase ղղnšo.

Compound-Complex Sentences
Awgni compound complex sentences made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses as in (18) What is particularly interesting about (19) is that, compound complex sentence contains one dependent clause ղnsa ղnղղxie agղitiyes. This is introductory clause and introduced using a transitional phrase agtsitiyes. Moreover, biznäso jemeraxa; andeski abtama aqe were two complete sentences.
(20) Aster aղebawusa xaso zenegta; asebtղxu guzma stotie ղnղaxtaytղxo Aster her friend's wedding forgot; when remember gift sent 'Aster forgot her friend's wedding, so she sent her gift when she remembered' What (20) tells us is that the overall compound complex sentence was the combination of coordinating clause asebtղxu guzma to subordinate another clause stote ղnղaxtaytղxo. This dependent clause does not have a complete common sense devoid of additional information. Aster aղebawusa xaso zenegta and stote ղnղaxtaytղxo is independent clause that can stand-alone.
Ultimate remarks in discussion section demonstrated that application of labeling Algorithm to Awgni sentences classified by their structure was consistent with Chomsky's previous study (2013) that, every recently created Syntactic Object by Merge must also contain label. The other supposition that I use Chomsky's study (2014) was that the labeler of a grouping created by Merge was {XP, YP} case, defined by Labeling Algorithm that modifies SO by raising XP. Alike to Adger's (2016) finding, syntactic structure of simple sentences found in Awgni has one verbal head. However, Awgni compound, complex and compound complex sentences have more than two verbal heads.
Comparable to Shlonsky and Rizzi (2015) studies, the main principle in present study was that, syntactic trees should be constantly labeled at the interfaces. Thus, steady labeling can be a product of analyzing principles, which might require labels to be correctly descriptive structure. The major disparity between this study and Chomsky's (2013Chomsky's ( ,2014Chomsky's ( , 2015 research works was that sentential elements such as complementizers, sentencefinal particles, aspect, tense, focus and topic, and agreement morphemes, and determiners in Awgni are not in fact the head of that phrase, which should rather taken to be silent .

CONCLUSSION
The research founded that simple, compound, complex and compound complex sentences were hierarchically structured into consecutively bigger position of constituents by means of every component belonging to a agreed Syntactic Objects like A, N, V,P and ADV. The resultant Lexical Categories (Rizzi & Guglielmo, 2016) like Noun Phrase, Determiner Phrase, Verb Phrase, Preposition Phrase, Adjective Phrase and Adverb Phrase were conjoined with sentence structures. Sentences were pending in a variety of form, scheme, and dimension statements. Consequently, the nature of Syntactic Object representations established in sentence structures was syntactically different.