THE USE OF MALAY MODALITIES IN ABSTRACTS OF PROCEDA SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES JOURNALS

An abstract of research article should give information obviously. Modalities assist researcher to provide certain obvious information in an abstract. This study important to carry out to identify the types and functions of Malay modality used in abstracts of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences journal and examine the types of modality that are dominantly used in abstracts of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences journal. Qualitative and quantitative methods are the design of this study. Data of this study are abstracts from 18 articles of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences journal published by Elsevier. The data were analyzed using intralingual equivalent method by applying hubung banding menyamakan (HBS) technique. The results of the analysis are then presented using informal methods. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there are four types of Malay modalities used in the abstracts of the Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences journal, namely intentional, epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modalities. In addition, phrasal modals or periphrastic modals are found in the abstract in question. The dominant type of modality used in the abstract is intentional modality of 31%. Furthermore, the Malay modality used in the abstract articles of the Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences journal indicates the existence of this modal function in abstract construction. The functions of the modals are to inform the aims or objectives, focus, problem, background and gap, method, technique analysis, and suggestion of the research.


INTRODUCTION
Issues, gaps, interests, phenomena and what is said Slameto (2016) as a result of contemplation or deep thinking to develop a particular field of science are the background of a scientific article. Thus, it is not surprising that so many scientific articles can be easily accessed and found on internet sites. It is very commonly known, scientific articles are many pages because it thoroughly examines issues, gaps, phenomena and even the development of a field of science with certain formulation of problems, aims, and methods.
Just one search of a particular scientific article shows a large number of similar scientific articles and take a lot of time to study the pages of the scientific article. With these problems, fortunately there is an abstract that summarizes the entirety of each scientific article. An abstract briefly describes what the article wants to convey (Nasution, 2017;Slameto, 2016). As short as possible, an abstract contains the problem, research objectives, methods, summary of results, conclusions and suggestions (Bhatia, 1993;Slameto, 2016;Swales, 1993).
This brief abstract is certainly inseparable from the assistance of modalities in systemic functional grammar which helps describe certain information in the abstract. This is not surprising, (Frawley, 2006) also once explained that the notion of modality has been used in different ways in the literature. If (Lycan, 1994) mentions that have to is an English modality as in I have to see you, Ira. As soon as possible and Halliday & Matthiessen (2014) also mentioned must is an English modality as you must do that, thus mesti also be a modality in Malay that also helps describe information in the abstracts from scientific articles.
A modality or modal is the speaker's judgement, or request of the judgement of the listener, on the status of what is being said (Halliday, 1994;Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014). More than that, a modality refers to any kind of speaker modification of a state of affairs, even including dimensions such as tense and aspect (Frawley, 2006). A modal adds information, such as possibility, necessity, or requests, to the verb that follows (Altenberg & Vago, 2010). Emilia (2014) exemplified a kind of modal that gives an information of possibility as in Indonesia may have an opportunity to win.
Information in the form of possibilities, necessity, or requests is often found in every abstract of scientific articles as in the abstracts of scientific articles. The Malay modal of boleh sahaja describes the information of possibility in the abstract of the article. Other than that, information of requests is described in the modal of perlu.
According to Frawley (2006) modal that describe information in the form of a need or necessity and capacity are called dynamic modalities. Deontic modality is traditionally defined in terms of permission and obligation (Knežević & Brdar, 2011). While, epistemic modality concerns an indication of the estimation. In other words, it expresses the degree of probability of the state of affairs. Deontic and epistemic modality types, then, which according to Halliday (1994) are called modalization and modulation. Probability and usuality belong to the modalization while obligation and inclination belong to the modulation (Eggins, 2004;Halliday, 1994).
Malay in the abstract of scientific articles sounds the same as Indonesian. There are many similarities between Malay and Indonesian (Erwany & Rosliani, 2018). Thus, the types of Indonesian modalities that have been categorized into four types are the basis for researchers to classify the Malay modality types. The types of Indonesian modalities are studied by Alwi (1990) who classify Indonesian modalities into four types, namely intentional modalities that has meaning of inclination, expectation, invitations, and requests. Epistemic modality that has meaning of possibility, necessity, and certainty. Deontic modality that has meaning of permission and order. And dynamic modality that has meaning of ability.
The modalities mentioned do not stop being explained in the intentional, deontic, epistemic or dynamic types only. According to Alternberg & Vago (2011) in (Emilia, 2014) that there are also some expressions that are similar to modals but consist of more than one word. These are called phrasal modals or periphrastic modals. Anew, from an abstract of scientific article gives an example of Malay phrasal modal or periphrastic modal, namely telah mampu.
A number of relevant studies that correspond to this current study have been studied with different results obtained. The first relevant research was examined by Erwany & Rosliani (2018). This study reads about modality in the Malay Deli dialect. It found four types of modalities, namely the modality of intentionality, epistemic, deontic, and dynamic. In addition, there are modalites that are categorized as modalities but in Malay Deli dialect is not found because the modalites are likely derived from Javanese, such as the modalities use of menginginkan and mengingini can be exchanged to menghendaki. Other research on changes in the use of intentional modalities in Malay and Indonesian (Kurniasih, 2019). The study revealed that the use of modalities from the early 18th to the 19th centuries underwent a change. These changes can be widespread, but on the other hand narrows. Other than that, modalities in online media news texts have also been reviewed (Prihantoro & Fitriani, 2015). The results of the study indicate that the type of intentional, epistemic, deontic, dynamic, and alastic modality are found in the online media news text.
Based on the background above, this study is very important to be built in order to identify the types and functions of Malay modalities used in abstracts of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences journals and examine the types of modalities that are dominantly used in abstracts of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences journals.

METHOD
The qualitative and quantitative method is design of this research (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). The descriptive qualitative method is used to identify the function and the types of Malay Modalities used in abstract of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal by describing the function and types into the understandable words. Not surprisingly, of course, quantitative methods used in this study. The quantitative method in this study is useful for measuring data through scientific calculations so that it can determine the frequency and percentage of the dominant modality used in abstract journals of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences, by displaying diagrams of the types of dominant modalities used in abstracts of the Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal.
This research data is abstract as much as 18 articles that taken from Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal which speak Malay with the search keyword 'pendidikan' on ScienceDirect.com, a journal website of various journals that may be obtained free or paid.
The data analysis method used in this current research is metode padan intralingual or intralingual equivalent method. This analysis method is done by comparing lingual elements in one language or several different languages. Thus, technique of hubung banding menyamakan (HBS) is the right technique when using this method, because this technique seeks similarities between the two things being compared (Mahsun, 2017), namely the modality of Malay and Indonesian. After analyzing, the results are then presented by using ordinary words, in addition to the technical terminology used in presenting the analysis results. The method of presenting the results of this analysis is called informal method (Zaim, 2014).

RESULT AND DISCUSSION Result
Abstracts of scientific articles in the Proceda Social and behavioral journal that use modalities of intentional, epistemic, deontic and dynamic totalling 18 abstracts. Each type of modality has its own meaning. Intentional modality consists of several meanings, namely inclination, expectation, invitations, and requests. Epistemic modalities consist of the meanings of possibilities, predictability, necessity and certainty. Deontic modalities consist of two meanings, namely command and permission. Finally, a dynamic modality that consists of only one meaning, namely capability. Furthermore, the number of uses of each type of modality in the abstract of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal is described in several tables below.  From table 2 above, it is known that the dominant modality used is epistemic modality meaning of certainty with the most amount is in pasti modal, which is 9 clauses in several abstracts. As if followed by epistemic modality of necessity as many as 4 modals. The other kinds epistemic modality is found only 1 modal in a certain abstract.  The use of dynamic modalities is 18 modal or 26%.
Based on table 4 above, it can be understood that the number of uses of dynamic modalities in the abstracts of the Proceda Social and Behavioral Science journal amounts to 18 modals. The dominant modal used is modal dapat as much as 13 modals in the abstract in question. While other modal which is far from this amount of modal, which is only 2 found is modal boleh and only 1 in modal mampu, belum dapat and berkebolehan. The use of phrasal or periphrastic modal is as much as 1 clause or 1%. Table 5 above shows the use of phrasal modals or periphrastic modals in the abstract of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal which only found 1 modal, that is modal of akan dapat from the 18 abstracts in question. It can be seen from Table 3 above that the use of deontic modalities in the abstracts of the Proceda Social and Behavioral Science journal totals 10 modals from 18 abstracts with the description that deontic modality of permission is found more than deontic modality of command. If it calculated, there are 7 modals found in the abstracts mentioned. Whereas deontic modality of command is found in only 3 modals.
Based on the description of the types of modalities in the tables above, then in figure 1 it can be clearly seen that the dominant type of modality used in the abstract of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal is intentional modality which amounts to 22 modals with a percentage of 32%. The amount is followed by the type of dynamic modalities with 18 modals with a percentage of 26%. The next type of modality that follows is epistemic with 17 modals with a percentage of 25%. Furthermore, deontic modality with 10 modals with a percentage of 15%. Finally, phrasal or periphrastic modals accounts for only 1 modal with a percentage of only 2%.

Discussion
In this research, the type of modality based on the lingual form found is the phrasal modal or periphrastic modal. Meanwhile, the types of modality based on the meaning found are intentional, epistemic, deontic and dynamic. Adawiah (2017) argued the similar types of intentional, epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modality. As well as Priyastuti (2020) found the similar types of modality. Therefore, it can be said either modality used by Indonesian and American in political debate discourse (Adawiah, 2017) or English verbs modal used in speaking skill (Priyastuti, 2020) has similar types of Malay modality used in abstract of Proceda Social and Behavioral Science Journals. Nevertheless, although this study and Olaniyan & Adeolu's (2015) study both examined modalities on the abstract. There are only two types of modalities found by them namely, intentional modality and deontic modality. In other words, modality in statement of objectives in Arts-based research article abstracts studied by Olaniyan & Adeolu's (2015) does not inform possibilities, predictability, necessity, certainty and capabilities. Other than that, a huge distinction made by (Coates, 1983) divided modality into epistemic and root as well as ignored intentional modality. The root modality then divided into dynamic and deontic. Others by Hoye, (2005) divided modality into propositional modality which consist of epistemic and evidential and event modality which consist of deontic and dynamic.

Intentional Modality
Intentional modalities are modalities that provide information about inclination, expectation, invitations, and requests. Modal will used by researcher to express the inclination sense of modality (Adawiah, 2017). The use of intentional modality that has meaning of inclination in the abstract of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal found in abstracts I, II, III, IV, V, and VI (see appendix).
In abstract I, five intentional modalities found that has meaning of inclination of modal akan, has function as a marker of aim of research, focus, and the problems discussed in the scientific article. Still with the same function, in abstract II, III as well as in abstract IV, the intentional modality has function on those abstracts as a marker of the aim of research in the scientific article. In abstract V, the intentional modality has meaning of inclination found twice, that is, akan. It's just that the two modals have different functions in the abstract. The first modal serves as a marker of research objectives to be achieved, namely the driving factors that cause foreign students to master good Malay. Furthermore, the other modal function to indicate a data analysis technique will be used. In the abstract VI, intentional modality that has meaning of inclination is found as much as two modals. This modal has function to provide information about the background of the problems encountered in the study.
The use of intentional modality that has meaning of inclination of intention in the abstract of the Journal of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences found in abstracts IV, VII, VIII, IX, X and XI (see appendix) clearly function to explain the purpose of each research in each scientific article. The use of other intentional modality which has meaning of inclination of volition in the abstract of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal is also found in abstract XII (see appendix). The use of intentional modality which has meaning of expectation in the abstract of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal found in only abstract VI used to convey advice to certain parties.
Modal akan is the dominant modal used in the abstracts collected. On another research found that the modal most often used by students is will and can (Hykes, 2000;Priyastuti, 2020). Meanwhile, Hardjanto (2016) found that the type of modal that is often used is may in the five disciplines studied. In contrast to Ardiansah (2015), the epistemic modality was the dominant one found in students' hortatory exposition texts and Biber, Johansson, Leech, Conrad, & Finegan (1999), the more common modality used in academic writing than in conversation was epistemic.

Epistemic Modality
Epistemic modality is a modality that provides information in the form of possibilities, predictability, necessity, and certainty. Besides that, marker of epistemic modality is expressing uncertainty in research articles (Vold, 2006), even in a study, the uncertainty are the high degree used in Archaeology articles (Rizomilioti, 2006), however the expressing uncertainty in question was not found in those abstract of research articles studied. It is clearly, epistemic modality informs possibilities, predictability, necessity, and certainty, therefore, as what Vázquez & Giner (2008) argued that epistemic permits researchers to interpret the statements present in a research article in the manner in which the writer wants (Vázquez & Giner, 2008).
The use of epistemic modalities of possibilities in abstracts of the Journal of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences found in modal boleh sahaja. Meanwhile, modal may is the modal used to indicate meaning of epistemic modal in English academic discourse (Hardjanto, 2016). Fløttum et al. in (Ngula, 2017) revealed that the typical and dominant marker of modality of epistemic used in research articles written by Ghanaian and International scholars is the modal may. This shows that the information which the Malaysian researcher wanted to convey was different from the information that the Ghanaian and International scholars wanted to convey even though they both used modalities to express it.
In addition, the modal in the abstract II helps provide additional information about the background by explaining that both works that are either soothing text or beneficial text can be selected by the literary authors.
The use of epistemic modalities of certainty in abstracts of the Journal of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences found in the abstracts V, VIII, XI, XIII, XIV serve to provide certainty of the objectives of the study that are certain to be achieved. In the abstracts VII, epistemic modalities are found which serve to provide certainty information about the findings of the appropriate study. The epistemic modality in the abstract XII and XV provides information about the use of the study method, in other words the modal helps provide additional information related to the study method. The epistemic modality of certainty of modal sudah tentu in the abstract I and modal telah in the clause of abstract II. According to Grangé (2010) that sudah and telah are two markers indicated modalities. The use of epistemic modalities of necessity in the abstract of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences Journal found in abstracts VI, IX, XV, and XVI, have function to explain the background and gap of the study and to convey suggestions from the results of studies that have been conducted to certain parties. The use of epistemic modalities of predictability in abstracts of the Journal of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences is found in only abstract XIV, has a function as a conveyor of suggestions for encouragement and guidance of related individuals.

Deontic Modalities
Deontic modalities are modalities that provide information in the form of permission and commands. Suhadi (2011) voiced differently from that statement, the command on deontic modalities expressed into obligatory, advisable, and permissible such as must, should, may, and can. The use of deontic modalities of commands in abstracts of the Journal of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences found in abstract II 'mestilah' and 'harus' and XVII 'sememangnya'. Meanwhile the use of deontic modality of permission in which 'boleh' as the modal found in abstracts I, II, and IX. These modalities are clearly included in the deontic modality because they inform a permission and command. This contradicts Piqué-Angordans, Posteguillo, & Andreu-Besó's (2002) mention that some modalities can be epistemic and deontic as well as Winiharti's (2012) said that both types can be express by a modal. Furthermore, the deontic modality in those abstracts is least than other modalities. As Ghivirigă & Baciu (2015) stated the deontic modality is less frequent used in a corpus of Romanian scientific texts on economics.

Dynamic Modalities
Dynamic modalities are modalities that provide information in the form of capabilities. However, dynamic modality in English express volition, ability, and destiny (Kim (2017). As well as dynamic modality in English and Spanish inform the meanings of ability and tendency modals like can or could and semi-modals like be able to (Touriño, 2001). Meanwhile, dynamic modals in English and their Serbian TEs consist of dynamic possibility, dynamic necessity, and Volition (Radovanović, 2017).
The use of these modalities in the abstract Journal of Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences are found in abstracts I, II, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XVII. The modals are mampu, dapat, boleh, belum dapat, berkebolehan. In addition, the use of phrasal modals or periphrastic modals in the abstract question is found in only abstract I, namely modal of akan dapat. Modal boleh either in epistemic or dynamic modality can be clearly classified. Modal boleh in epistemic express a possibility and other express a capability. Therefore, the ambiguity of the distinction between epistemic and dynamic which is not clear as Kim (2017) concluded has been answered.

CONCLUSION
From the results of the above research, it can be concluded that there are four types of Malay modalities based on the meaning category used in the abstracts of the journal Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences, namely intentional, epistemic, deontic, and dynamic modalities. Besides that, the type of modality found based on the lingual form category namely Phrasal modals or periphrastic modals in the abstract in question. In addition, the dominant type of modality used in the abstract is intentional modality.
Each Malay modality used in the abstracts of the journal article Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences indicates the existence of this capital function in abstract construction. The modal 'akan' indicates markers rather than research goals, focus, and issues discussed in the scientific article.
Modal aims to indicate markers rather than the purpose of scientific articles created. The other modal provides information about the use of the study method used and there is also modal that serves to provide certainty information about the findings of the corresponding study. As well as capital that is expected to serve to convey advice to certain parties. Nevertheless, it is also possible that an abstract can be arranged without using modality in it, of course, by using the appropriate word choice. So in the end, any abstract can be arranged briefly using either modality assistance or not using modality.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the Universitas Warmadewa postgraduate program that has supported our research indirectly. We would also like to thank the researchers in the Proceda Social and Behavioral Sciences journal for the data we used in this study. A thank are also expressed to previous researchers, through their latest related research, were helped. We also express a very big thank to those around us who have made this article even better through the reviews provided.  (Darmia, 2014). Hal ini kerana sesuatu yang lazim bagi sesebuah negara yang terdiri daripada masyarakat berbilang kaum akan berhadapan dengan masalah untuk mencapai perpaduan disebabkan perbezaan latar budaya, bahasa, kepercayaan dan lain-lain yang begitu ketara (Darmia, 2014). Ini bermakna, bahasa kebangsaan bukan sahaja akan disaingi hebat oleh bahasa Inggeris tetapi juga perjuangan dan usaha untuk memastikan supaya bahasa kebangsaan terus berkembang maju akan berhadapan dengan pelbagai rintangan (Darmia, 2014