THE DECISION-MAKING EMPIRICAL MODEL IN VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

The objectives of this research is to know the pattern of causal relationships inter-variables on the decision-making empirical model in Vocational High School (SMK). The decision-making empirical model in Vocational High School, consisting of variables: (a) the adequacy of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), (b) the benefits of using information systems, (c) the ethics in decision making, (d) the contribution of school and social environments, (e) the intentions of behaviour, and (f) the patterns of decision-making. Relation between variables was tested statistically using path analysis. The results of the research are as follows. The varian explained by each variable is mathematically formulated in: ZY = 0.134 A + 0.141 B + 0.102 C + 0.486 D + 0.193 E. The most dominant effect for direct effect is D to E has ρDE = 0,47 and the correlation coefficient = 0,709.


INTRODUCTION
SMK, is a vocational secondary education institution in Indonesia.SMK has a strategic role in improving the quality of human resources in Indonesia in entering the world of work.Several important components related to the implementation of the work plan in the implementation of vocational education, as stated in Permendiknas No. 19 year 2007(Menteri Pendidikan Nasional, 2007) on the basic and secondary education management standards, namely: school guidelines, school organizational structure, school activities, student affairs, curriculum and learning activities, Educators and education personnel, facilities and infrastructure, finance and finance, culture and school environment, community participation and school partnerships.Vision SMK is a shared goal into the future between SMK with the pemangkuk interests.Vocational vision is expected to provide inspiration, motivation, and strength for the citizens of the school in delivering students to master certain competencies in accordance with interests and talents.SMK is a future vocational education for the people of Indonesia.Products from SMK graduates are expected to become skilled workers in completing a job, in accordance with the level contained in Perpres No. 8 year 2012 (Presiden Republik Indonesia, 2012) on the Indonesian Qualification Framework (IQF).
Vocational education is an education that leads learners to work with various on-thejob training sessions, as Prosser points out in "Prosser's Sixteen Theorems on Vocational Philosophy (Cross, Wyatt, & Groves, 1985, pp. 1-4;Proser & Quigley, 1950, pp. 215-240).The 7th proposition related to decision making, vocational education, will be effective if the teacher has had successful experience in applying the skills and knowledge to the operation and work process that will be done.The focus of attention of this principle lies on the educator as the spearhead in the learning process.Comprehensive competency mastery, between operating knowledge and work processes in industry, is the main capital in the learning process.While the 15 th proposition related to decision making is the administration of vocational education will be efficient if flexible.Vocational education should be flexible to the possibility of program improvement in accordance with the dynamics of labor requirements.
There are three basic things in view of the characteristics of vocational education (Bathmaker, 2013, pp. 90-91).First, vocational education focuses on the necessary knowledge and work skills.Secondly, general education conducts vocational skills, but does not facilitate the specific needs of vocational practice required in training the workforce.Third, pre vocational education, which is assumed that learners do not have the necessary job skills for the world of work, this emphasis is on aspects of low-level work skills such as literacy and numeracy.While Billett (2011, pp. 4-5) discusses four matters relating to the purpose of vocational education, namely: (a) the reasons of each individual in the selection of a job, (b) as the individual's initial preparation for working life, (c) individual development to improve the quality of work, (d) transition experience from one job to another.
Characteristics of vocational education include aspects (a) preparing human resources with intelligence, knowledge, personality, noble character, and skills, as well as the ability to enter the world (eg, Djojonegoro, 1998, p. 37) work; (b) a demand-driven and marketdriven oriented education paradigm and no longer relying on supply-driven; (c) the required competence demands that meet the labor requirements required by the labor market with an emphasis on the mastery of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values required by the world of work, this is necessary to generate professional workforce; (d) the true assessment of student success lies in hands-on or labor performance; (e) close relationship with the world of work is the key to successful vocational education; (f) good vocational education is responsive and anticipatory to technological progress; (g) vocational education is more emphasized on learning by doing and hands on experience; (h) require up-to-date facilities for practical activities; (i) require greater investment and operational costs than general education.
Some factors that contribute to the academic quality of vocational school are teachers and principals.Master, as set forth in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 14 Year 2005 (Depdiknas, 2005) on Teachers and Lecturers, Article 1 is a professional educator with the main task of (1) educating, (2) teaching, (3) guiding, (4) directing, ( 5) training, (6) assessing, and (7) evaluating learners.Teach-111 ers with additional duties as principals, as outlined in the Regulation of the Minister of National Education No. 28 year 2010 (Depdiknas, 2010) on the assignment of teachers as principals, are teachers who have met the general requirements and special requirements.General and specific requirements relating to: the teaching profession, technical, and administrative.In addition, school education personnel also determine the success associated with the technical aspects of school administrative services.
In conducting school activities in vocational schools, teachers, principals, and educational personnel are faced with the conditions for deciding on a particular situation.Decision making will have an impact on the dynamics that develop in SMK.There is a positive interaction between educational experts and education practitioners in assessing school performance and performance indicators (Nuchron, Soenarto, & Sudarsono, 2013, p. 87).Teachers, principals, and education personnel have a strategic role in managing the managerial functions of the school.The managerial functions are inseparable from the functions contained in the principles of management, among others functions: planning, organizing, activation, and control (Quinn, 2010, pp. 12-13;Negulescu & Doval, 2014, pp. 858-863;Lee, 2013, pp. 1-16).The four functions are synergized when teachers, principals, and education personnel are faced with a decision-making process.
Decision theory focuses on several choices of the best choice, with three main characteristics (Sadovykh, Sundaram, & Piramuthu, 2015, p. 3): (a) cognitive processes, meaning processes of thinking in the decisionmaking process; (b) an alternative decision, and (c) the outcome of the decision.Thus, the decision is an option, while making a decision means determining the choice of one of several alternative choices (Hatamura, 2005, p. 2).Wang, Liu, & Ruhe (2004, p. 2) state that decision-making is the selection process of the available alternative options against predetermined decision criteria.
Decision-making is one of the key elements of leadership management in schools.In its implementation, there are 3 models of decision making, namely: (a) normative, (b) descriptive, and (c) prescriptive (Athanasou & Van Esbroeck, 2008, p. 164).Although decision-making has been well-planned according to criteria, there are three important aspects to consider (Pomerol & Adam, 2004, p. 649), namely: (a) identifying all alternative decisions, (b) determining the consequences that occur as a result Of the alternatives taken, and (c) evaluate all alternative possibilities of the decision taken.
Appropriate decision-making is a key aspect of successful school management.School dynamics depend on the outcomes of decisions taken by teachers, principals, and education personnel.The decision-making process undertaken by teachers, principals, and education personnel will determine the direction and policy of the school.Decisionmaking is inseparable from ethical considerations (Yoon, 2011(Yoon, , p. 2403)).Factors influencing ethical considerations in decisionmaking include: (a) the fairness of a decisionmaking outcome, (b) the order of karma, (c) relativism, in the context of decision-making; (D) selfish, and (e) the merits of a decision.Therefore, decision-making tends to be influenced by individual thought processes and the school environment.
Decision-making is a selection process among several alternative options available in a variety of circumstances.The decisionmaking process, associated with innovation, is preceded in several ways (Rogers, 1983, pp. 169-186): (a) identification of emerging and developing problems; (b) the scope of the matter, relating to the existing components, eg curriculum, resources and infrastructure, student affairs, or relationships with the world of work and social environment that surrounds the existence of schools; (c) internal factors of the school organization on the involvement of stakeholders on some of the choices of a decision; and (d) the impact on the course of school management as a result of decisions made by the principal.The four ways in making these decisions each school has a different variance.This has an impact on different decision-making results.
Eight important points in the decisionmaking process (Hatamura, 2005, p.17) are: (1) the first point shows the record of how the decision was made; (2) a decision-making process required preliminary information from a problem and motivation on which to base Decision making, (3) functional requirements and constraints when making decisions, (4) one's thinking and possible doubts in making 112 − Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi Volume 8, No 2, June 2018 decisions, (5) realizations and outcomes, (6) discussion and evaluation, (7) From the decision-making process, and (8) the related events and associations relate to the outcome of the decision directly and the circumstances surrounding as a result of decision-making.
The decision-making strategy is a way of constructing a problem to be solved based on the planned completion steps (VanSchaik & Sol, 1990, p. 53), further it is said that there is a positive relationship between decisionmaking strategies and quality decision-making results.There are three fundamental questions as a driver of quality decision making (Negulescu & Doval, 2014, p. 862), namely: (a) how decisions are made ?, this is related to environmental aspects, strategy, ethics, empowerment, information, and feedback; (b) whether the decision-making is related to the program, the choice, and minimize the risk?And (c) when the decision was taken?It depends on two things: resources and opportunities.
Based on the explanation of the description, this study aims to determine the empirical model of decision making in SMK and the impact of each variable associated with the dynamics that developed in SMK.

RESEARCH METHODE
Empirical model of decision making in SMK developed in this research using quantitative-positivistic approach.The time of the study was conducted in the even semester of the 2015/2016 school year.Place of research in SMK in Special Region of Yogyakarta.The sample of this study amounted to 144 teachers of SMK in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.
The research procedure includes: (a) determining the research variables of the proposed model, (b) formulating the relationships between the variables of the proposed model, (c) preparing the research instruments on each of the variables and indicators, (d) conducting the instrument testing process, (e) conducting the data retrieval process, and (f) performing data analysis.
The research variables developed in this study, to determine the empirical model of decision making in SMK.Each variable consists of one or more indicators, which further compiled the research instrument items.The cornerstone of the determination of variables along with indicators and instrument items is based on theoretical studies that reinforce the argument for the empirical model of decision making.The results of this activity in the form of instrument grids, indicators, and research instrument items.
The research instrument developed contains six research variables, namely: availability of information and communication technology infrastructure, information system benefit, ethics in decision making, school and social environment that contribute to decision making, intention to behave in decision process, and decision making pattern.
Data analysis technique using path analysis.The use of path analysis aims to display both direct and indirect effect between independent variables and dependent variables.The basic assumptions in using path analysis (Pedhazur, 1997, pp. 804-837), are: (a) relationships between variables in linear, additive, and causal models; (b) each residue is not correlated with any of the variables contained in the model; (c) there is a one-way causal relationship; (d) no multicollinearity may occur.
Data analysis is done to ensure that the data has been obtained is valid and reliable.It aims to find useful data information to know the independence of variables, dependencies of variables, and relationships among variables studied, in order to determine the model tested related to the research variables.
Data analysis has several aspects relating to the reliability and validity of the research variables.Estimation The reliability of the empirical model of decision making is done using an internal consistency approach using the Cronbach Alpha coefficient formula.The instrument reliability criterion when the coefficient of combined grains (alpha reliability) of 0.70 or more then the instrument is declared reliable.
Content validity aims to examine both the poorness of a research instrument based on the content of an instrument considered a conceptual framework.
The empirical model of decision making proposed in this study is shown in Figure 1.The exogenous variables in Figure 1

Description of the Variable
The pattern of decision making in SMK developed in this research with quantitativepositivistic approach using path analysis.The use of path analysis aims to display a causal relationship pattern among a set of variables.There are 6 research variables, namely: information and communication technology infrastructure, labeled (A); The benefits of information systems, labeled (B), ethics in decision making, labeled (C), school environment and social environment contributing to decision making, dumped (D); Intention to behave in the decision-making process, labeled (E); And decision-making patterns, labeled (F).Description of the variable of each variable is shown in Table 1.Schools use school information systems as part of the use of ICTs in schooling activities (such as: learning and school administration tasks).
In performing the school administrative function, the school's academic community (school leaders, teachers, school administrators, and students) uses the application software as part of the completion of schooling tasks.
To improve the use of ICTs in various school interests (learning and school administration tasks), schools facilitate the increased competence of ICT use through education and training.
The number of items in the instrument to determine the decision-making pattern in SMK consists of: (a) Information and communication technology infrastructure (A) variables of 4 items, each consisting of items 1, 2, 3 and 4; (b) Information System Benefit (B) variable of 3 items, each consisting of items 5, 6 and 7; (c) the decision-making Ethics variable (C) of 5 items, each comprising items 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12; (d) the school and social environment variables (D) of 7 items, each of which consists of 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19; (e) variables of intention to behave in decision-making (E) of 3 items, each consisting of items 23, 24 and 25; And (f) the decision pattern (F) variable of 3 items, each consisting of items 20, 21, and 22.
Correlation between research variables obtained correlation value shown in Table 2. Correlation analysis between variables using software SPSS 6.0.The result of equation ( 2) shows that the coefficient of variable D, the school environment and social environment, has the greatest contribution in the empirical model of decision making in SMK.This means that the school environment and social environment have significant strength to contribute to decision making in SMK.Influence the behavior and interaction between teachers, students, school administration personnel; Along with community involvement in supporting school activities.
The result of path analysis from model usulam, as shown in figure 1, obtained the estimated path value shown in Figure 2.
(1) the availability of ICT devices in the school environment directly effect the decision-making pattern for teachers.This is in line with the role of ICT in management put forward by Spanos, Prastacos, & Poulymenakou (2002, pp. 661-662), inter alia as: (a) strategic planning related activities; (b) simultaneously can help control wheels Organization, (c) assist the management of resources within the organization, in this case the school.ICT can be used to help counseling activities at school (Beidoğlu, Dinçyürek, & Akıntuğ, 2015, p. 466).
(2) the availability of ICT devices in the school environment directly effect the benefits of information systems.The use of information systems in Schools can benefit as Marnewick (2016Marnewick ( , p. 1) puts it (2015, p.1), p.1).This is closely related to the adaptation of information technology as a result of the use of supply chain management in information systems developed in schools.
(3) ethics in decision-making, administratively correct and not in violation of applicable regulations, directly effect the intention to behave in the decision-making process.This means that Ethics is closely related to the fundamental relationships between individuals and groups that serve to guide moral-based behavior (Stahl, Eden, Jirotka, & Coeckelbergh, 2014, p. 811).
(4) the school environment and social environment directly effect the intention of behaving in the decision-making process.This is in line with that of Soenarto (2014, p. 2) that the school environment as a micro system related to the dynamics that developed in the school environment, as well as the social environment as a macro system as a school school pemangkukan.
(5) the benefits of information systems directly effect the intention to behave in the decision-making process.In addition, the benefits of information systems have an indirect impact on the availability of ICT infrastructure.
(6) the benefits of information systems directly effect the pattern of decision-making.In addition, the benefits of information systems have an indirect effect on the availability of ICT infrastructure.
(7) the intention to behave in decisionmaking directly effect the decision-making pattern.In addition, the intention to behave has an indirect impact of ethics in decision making and the school environment and social environment.
In summary, the estimates of coefficient of correlation and direct effect, indirect effect, and overall effect on each variable are shown in Table 3.
Based on the summary of the impact on each variable in Table 3 it is seen that the highest direct impact on the coefficient of path estimation is obtained from the variable D to the variable E with the estimated path value of ρDE = 0.47 and the correlation coefficient of 0.709.It can be interpreted that "the strength of the school community as well as the various norm systems affecting the behavior and interaction between teachers, students, school administration staff and community involvement in supporting school activities" have a direct and highly correlated impact on "the intention to use information systems as Supporters of decision-making ".Koeffisen lowest estimation on direct impact obtained from variable C to variable E equal to ρCE = 0,140 and correlation coefficient equal to 0,687.It can be interpreted that "the belief of an action in decision-making is administratively correct and does not violate the prevailing rules" has the lowest direct impact and has a high correlation in "the pattern of decision making in SMK".
The coefficient value of the path estimation at impact is indirectly obtained from ρEF = 0.259.The indirect effects of the variables E to variable F are influenced from variables C and variable D. It can be interpreted that "the intention to use information systems as decision support supporters" directly impacts the "decision-making pattern" influenced by ethics based on a The belief that the action in the decisionmaking is administratively correct and does not violate the prevailing rules "and is influenced by" the strength of the school community as well as the various norms that influence the behavior and interaction between teachers, students, school administration personnel and community involvement in supporting school activities ".

CONCLUSION
Based on the research result, it may be concluded that: First, factors contributing to the decisionmaking pattern in SMK consist of: (a) ICT adequacy, (b) benefits of use of information systems, (c) ethics in decision making, (d) contribution of school environment and social environment, (e) intention Behave in decision making.Significant contribution, statistically, in the pattern of decision making in SMK is contributed from elements related to school environment and social environment.
Second, the highest direct impact on the coefficient of path estimation is obtained from the D variable (school environment and the community environment) to the variable E (behavioral intent) with the estimated path value of ρDE = 0.47 and the correlation coefficient of 0.709.
The suggestions that may be provided for this research is teachers, principals, and educa-tional personnel, in peroses decision-making required a set of systems that can support decision-making.The system in question is an ICTsupported decision making support system.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Proposed empirical model of decision-making pattern in SMK.Information: (A) : availability of information and communication technology infrastructure, (B) : the benefits of information systems, (C) : ethics in decision making, (D) : the school environment and social environment that contribute to decision making, Coefficient of correlation R = 0.843 (R2 = 0.710).This shows the degree of relationship between variables (A, B, C, D, E, and F) at a very strong level (0.843) for the scale (0 to 1).The result of F test shows that the variables (A, B, C, D, and E) are correlated significantly with the variable (F) by using t test at the 0.05 significance level, the variables (A, B, C, D, and E) are partially related to the variable (F).VIF values are between 0.1 and 10, this means there is no multicollinearity between variables (A, B, C, D, and E).Equation estimation between variables, shown equation [1]: Y' = -0.495+ 0.086 A + 0.131 B + 0.067 C + 0.206 D + 0.186 E ....(1) While "Variant explain by" each variable (A, B, C, D, and E) to variable (F) is shown in equation (2): ZY = 0,134 A + 0,141 B + 0,102 C + 0,486 D + 0,193 E ............... .. (2)

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The Result of Model Analysis after Analysis using Path

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The Result of Model Analysis after Second Stage Path Analysis 117

Table 1 .
Variable description

Table 3 .
Summary of effect on each variable The Decision-Making Empirical Model in VocationalMasduki Zakaria, Soenarto, Eko Marpanaji