Relationship between somatotype and physical fitness: Study on badminton athletes of PB Djarum Kudus

Badminton athletes should have good physical abilities supported by the suitability of body type (somatotype) as it affects their biomechanics in badminton and performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the correlation between Heath Carter somatotype component factors that affect physical fitness. This study was a cross-sectional research design was used with 43 athletes in PB Djarum Kudus who were selected purposively to be the respondents. The data on Heath Carter somatotype was obtained from anthropometric measurements to generate somatotype scores, namely endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy. Cardiorespiratory endurance data were obtained using Balke test, power using vertical jump, and agility using court agility. The somatotype component types of all athletes are central (4.2-4.1-3). Male athletes are of central type (3.5-4-3.5) and females are of mesomorph-endomorph type (5-4-2). Both endomorphy and ectomorphy components showed significant correlation with cardiorespiratory endurance except mesomorphy component. Endomorphy component showed significant correlation with power except for mesomorphy and ectomorphy components. The ectomorphy component with a slender body shape with long arms and legs, low body fat percentage and strong muscle in the arms make it easier for badminton athletes to move in all positions combined.


INTRODUCTION
Badminton is a sport that requires good physical abilities for its players to do service, smash, lob drop, and footwork to reach the court without significant difficulty (Purnama, 2010). Public demand for the achievements of Indonesian badminton is a serious effort in the process of building achievement through the talent identification and athlete regeneration approach. One of the places to coach badminton athletes is PB Djarum club. This club fosters athletes with special potential for men's and women's singles who are given scholarships for talented young athletes and are given dormitories for living and training. For better achievement, badminton athletes should have high technical and mental abilities, as well as physical abilities, especially speed, agility, aerobic capacity, strength, and body composition that affect their performance and athlete's appearance. (Diputra, 2015;Jeyaraman et al., 2012;Weatherwax, 2011) The difference characteristics in each sport cause the need for a balance or fit of body type because in various sports there will be different physical and physiological characteristics. The characteristics of an athlete's body are determined by assessing his body type (somatotype) as a quantification of body composition and body shape which is important in athlete selection because it will affect the biomechanics of a sport (Duncan et al., 2006;Gutnik et al., 2015). The superiority of somatotype assessment to determine athlete's body shape in various sports has a positive correlation with height which significantly affects physical fitness (Carter, 2005;Malousaris et al., 2008). The principle of motion during sports activities requires mechanical performance and appropriate posture so that every movement that is carried out plays a role in terms of energy efficiency and saves energy so that athletes The mean height of male athletes is 166 cm with a bodyweight of 54.7 kg while the average height of the females is 160 cm with a bodyweight of 54 kg. All skinfold categorical variables are higher in females than males. Male athletes were significantly lower values for calf (11.43±2.42 vs 13.40±3.08 mm), triceps (11.74±2.78 vs 15.90±3.12 mm), suprailiac (12.78±5.08 vs 17.32±2.91 mm), and subscapula (11.54±3.31 vs 15.35±2.99 mm). These results were similar to previous studies on Spanish badminton athletes, which showed that female athletes have more triceps and subscapula than male athletes.
[12] For the width category (humerus and femur), it was found to be higher in males than females (6,22±0,76 vs 5,91±0,53 cm and 7,79±1,35 vs 7,10±0,66 cm). The average bicep girth and calf girth are different between males and females; the average bicep girth is higher in females (25,17±2,33 vs 25,26±1,99 cm) while calf girth is higher in males (35,93±3,90 vs 35,37±2,81 cm). The mean somatotype for badminton athletes was: 4.2-4.1-3. This suggests that these athletes were predominantly  (Phomsoupha M, 2015). The mean of endomorphy component for males is lower than that of females, which is 3.5. The mean of mesomorphy component in both genders is the same, which is 4, and the mean of ectomorphy component of males is higher than that of females, which is 3.5. The male respondents have an average somatotype (3.5-4-3.5) included in the central type. The average somatotype of female athletes is 5-4-2 included in mesomorph-endomorph type based on plotting on somatochart. Table 2. Anthropometric Characteristics Table 3 shows the correlation between somatotype components and physical fitness characteristics of badminton athletes. There was a significant negative correlation between endomorphy component and cardiorespiratory endurance (r=-0.666, p=<0.000). Endomorph, has lots of body fat as a negative impact due to the amount of body fat giving an unfavorable burden on heart function during exercise as a result of body muscles failing to take in sufficient amounts of oxygen due to deposition of high amounts of fat mass (de Faria et al., 2016;Moss et al., 2015). A significant negative relationship between aerobic capacity and increased fat tissue was mentioned in a study of badminton athletes before (Aini et al., 2019). Athlete's body mass affects the athlete's movement which causes a decrease in the chance of aerobic capacity value due to an increase in temperature that causes fatigue in the athletes (Brezdeniuk, 2014;Ortega et al., 2013). A significant positive correlation between ectomorphy component and cardiorespiratory endurance (r=0.455, p=<0.013) due to the negative effect of body weight causes an ectomorph component (long, lean and low body fat percentage) has advantages over other components (Jakšić D, 2009). A high level of aerobic capacity is indispensable for achieving success in many sports, especially badminton players who involve movement and strength in a relatively small area (Faude et al., 2007;Sharkey, 2013). Another study also explained that the greatest gain in aerobic capacity is dominated by the ectomorphy component (Chaouaci, 2005). Meanwhile, there is no significant correlation between mesomorphy component and cardiorespiratory endurance (r=-0,146, p=0.351). These results differ from previous studies which showed that the muscle strength of the high mesomorphy component can affect a healthier cardiorespiratory endurance profile (Ortega et al., 2013). The mesomorphy component, which refers to the development of musculoskeletal muscles, is a major predictor of muscle strength which has a relationship with the VO2max value (Saiti et al., 2014). However, most of the badminton athletes in previous studies had ectomesomorphy and endoectomorphy components (Saputri, 2011;Raman, 2013 There was a significant negative correlation between endomorphy component and power (r=-0,462, p=<0.002). A previous study also showed the same results that the endomorphy component as an indicator of obesity in athletes has a negative effect where high jumping performance becomes difficult to do, which is negatively influenced by high body fat values. Other study states that athletes with lower percent body fat demonstrated the highest vertical jump performance mass (de Faria et al., 2016;Moss et al.,2015;Davis et al., 2003). In general, female athletes have a higher percentage of body fat, especially in the hips and chest than male athletes, so that male athletes will have an advantage in the vertical jump (Dizon, 2012). There was no significant correlation between mesomorphy component and power (r=-0.103, p=0.513). A previous study showed that volleyball players have a somatotype predominantly mesomorphy which means muscular body type, thus contributing to their jumping ability. However, if the athlete has muscles that too big and thick could also interfere with movement, especially in badminton which demands power in the game. It has been shown from this study that there is a low negative correlation between mesomoprhy component and power (Aslan, 2011;Sánchez-Muñoz et al., 2020;Courel-Ibáñez, 2019). There was no significant correlation between ectomorphy component and power (r=0,280, p=0.069) supported by a previous study on volleyball that requires jumping because the ectomorphy component has a lower correlation for strength test results (Buśko K, 2013). Ectomorphy which refers to the linearity of height and weight is not an unfavorable factor for shorter athletes because technical factors are also used to increase the effect of jumping. However, in the study of badminton players who were tall and slender were found to match with the characteristics of badminton matches resulting in a variety of strokes (Angga, 2019).
There was no significant correlation between endomorphy component and agility (r=0.290, p=0.059). This is different from a previous study on badminton athletes in the Philippines, explaining the relationship of the amount of fat as a component of endomorphy as seen from the positive correlation result; it means that higher endomorphy values require a longer time of the athlete's court agility (Kim, 2013;Reilly, 2005). In the game of badminton, the foot functions as a support for the body to move in all directions quickly, influenced by the muscle strength that increases with age. A study on children in badminton group aged 8-10 years stated that effective footwork exercises can affect the agility of badminton games (Van 2002& Yüksel 2019 There is no significant correlation between mesomorphy component and agility (r=-0.008, p=0.957). This is contrary to a previous study showing that the mesomorphy component with muscle maturity is associated with agility in adolescent athletes. Muscle mass, which is an indicator of sports performance, contributes to energy production during highly intensive activities and provides absolute strength to the athlete (Myburgh, 2016;Vila, 2008). However, previous study showed results that a badminton athlete with a long and lean body is suitable for the physiological demands of the competition (Singh, 2019). There is no significant relationship between ectomorphy and agility (r=0.094, p=0.550) supported by a previous study which explains that relative height and weight and more muscle mass can result in very strong punches and agility in changing positions quickly of racket players (Sánchez-Muñoz, 2020). The ectomorphy type as a tall and thin body type is known to greatly influence the success of the game rally when the player hits the ball high above the head, such as in tennis and padel games. A thin body, low body weight and long legs are considered more useful for reaching the court during badminton games (Angga, 2019;Courel-Ibáñez, 2019).
The results of the regression analysis conducted to test the intensity of influence of confounding variables and somatotype on physical fitness are presents in Table 4. This finding indicates that 62,8% of the scores of the "cardiorespiratory endurance" variable can be explained by age, nutritional status, muscle mass percentage, and ectomorphy. The body's energy system during badminton requires sufficient aerobic capacity for play and recovery. In the younger group of badminton athletes, VO2max values were higher even though they still lacked experience in playing (Heller, 2010). The ectomorphy component has a significant advantage in the aerobic capacity of an individual because the excess fat composition causes faster fatigue so that athletes with a higher percentage of muscle mass will produce high VO2max values (Chaouachi, 2005;Cinarli, 2019). This finding indicates that 46,6% of the scores of the "power" variable can be explained by body fat percentage and ectomorphy. The ectomorphy component with a low body mass index value correlates significantly with the maximum strength value measured by jumping motion because a high percentage of body fat will make it difficult for body movement when jumping from various postures. (Hong et al., 2014;Reiser et al., 2006). Ideal height and weight with good physical condition will support the athlete's high sports performance. A study of badminton players in Malaysia with a lower body fat percentage and higher height would give athletes an advantage in the game of badminton as it contributes to the ability to reach the court. However, this is only one of several factors that influence success in badminton. (Ooi, 2009) This finding indicates that 64,6% of the scores of the "agility" variable can be explained by age, hemoglobin level, body fat percentage, and endomorphy. Badminton is a racquet sport that demands moving agility during the game requires an oxygen supply which is influenced by hemoglobin levels as oxygen transport into the blood. During the game rally, athletes who have a smaller body fat percentage make it easier for athletes to change positions due to fat accumulation which causes muscle imbalance due to friction of fat tissue in the muscle fibers, so that muscle contraction will be reduced. (Tiwari, 2011;Kim, 2013) The contribution of morphological factors such as somatotype to sports performance also affects the functional response at the peak performance of athletes (Bolonchuk, 2000). Badminton athletes and their coaches are positively able to understand the importance of the Heath Charter somatotype to boost athlete achievements. Athletes with good endomorphy components and high mesomorphy and ectomorphy components but without maximal intensive training will have less optimal performance (Andersen, 2007;Tangkudung, 2006). This study is limited by the total results of PB Djarum athletes who tend to have endomorphy and central somatotype types. This can be due to data collection carried out after the athletes had Christmas and New Year holidays at their homes, making their diet and training patterns not maximally controlled.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that there is a significant correlation between endomorphy and ectomorphy components with cardiorespiratory endurance, and endomorphy components with power. On the other hand, there is no significant correlation between endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy components with agility. The advantages of the ectomorphy component with a slender body shape with long arms and legs, low body fat percentage and strong muscle in the arms make it easier for badminton athletes to move in all positions combined.