Electrical Energy Audit in Pratama Tapan Hospital

— Hospitals, as large energy consumers, must adopt efficient energy-saving measures due to cost increases, regulations, and climate change concerns. In this study, an electrical energy audit was conducted at Pratama Tapan Hospital to identify energy-saving opportunities and recommend equipment replacements or technology upgrades. The primary objec-tive was to determine the Energy Consumption Intensity (ECI) and analyze the potential for energy savings. The audit revealed an ECI value of 10.33 kWh/m²/year, highly efficient by ASEAN-USAID standards. However, 100% of rooms didn't meet the SNI 03-6197-2000 light intensity standard, causing discomfort. The study recommends installing specific light fixtures and adjusting lamp power to comply with the standard. These findings offer valuable insights for healthcare institutions striving to achieve sustainability goals.


Introduction
Electrical energy has an important role in human life.Along with technology development, electricity is needed in various sectors such as education, government, agriculture, and health.Research [1] states that Indonesia is one of the countries with considerable use of electrical energy.This can cause an electrical energy crisis that will impact the environment, society, and economy.Therefore, an effort is needed to reduce electricity usage in all these sectors to overcome excess electrical energy.
Based on Indonesian policy ESDM No. 13 of 2012 regarding the saving of electricity consumption, all government office buildings, both services and services, must carry out energy management so that the electricity Energy Consumption Intensity (ECI) becomes organized and can achieve efficient use.One of the main strategies of energy management that can be done is energy conservation.Some methods are commonly applied in energy conservation, namely retrofitting, technology upgrades, and energy-saving behavior.An energy audit process in the energy conservation process is a calculation method to obtain energy consumption in one or more buildings [2].Energy audits also aim to identify energy consumption and seek efforts to improve energy efficiency.
Several researchers have previously conducted many studies on energy audits, such as in industrial buildings [3,4], Higher Education [5][6][7], Office [8], Apartment [9,10], and Hospitals [11][12][13].Based on these studies, it can be concluded that electrical energy audits must be carried out in buildings that have a high intensity of electrical energy usage.Therefore, based on Government Regulation No. 70 of 2009 Article 12, hospitals have large energy consumption and are included in the The authors conducted an energy audit research design through two stages in this research.First, planning an initial audit to determine the current energy usage at the Pratama Tapan Hospital using the energy or electricity payment account method and second, preparing a detailed follow-up energy audit to obtain the results of whether the current energy use is included in the energy-efficient category adjusted to the ECI standard.The flowchart explains the stages of the research carried out can be seen in Figure 1.

Data Collection Technique
In this research, the authors conducted two primary data collection techniques.The first is to make observations; observations in this research were carried out by looking at the lighting system, cooling, and the use of electrical energy in all work units or rooms in the Pratama Tapan Hospital.This observation aims to find out how the use of electrical energy works.The second primary data collection technique is interviews with the Engineering Manager and the Finance Department.This is done to determine when electrical energy is used with high and low needs and get results such as Energy Usage data, Electricity Bill Data, Room Data, and Measurement Data at Pratama Tapan Hospital.Secondary data such as building ECI standards, ECI air-conditioned rooms, and standardization of lighting strength in this research are taken from the standardization set by the government.

Data Analysis Technique
The data analysis technique in this research is based on the Energy Consumption Index (ECI).Electricity Energy Consumption Intensity (ECI) is an indicator that represents the energy used in a building or building in a certain period.This ECI standard has been applied in various ASEAN member countries and APEC member countries.[15].After collecting data on all electrical energy components, it will be audited with the ECI standard.The ECI standard is to see how much energy conservation has been done by the Pratama Tapan Hospital Building.The unit used to represent ECI value is kWh/m 2 /year.Or it can be formulated as equation (1) [5].

ECI = Energy Consumption (kWh)
Building Area (m 2 ) (1) According to a study conducted by ASEAN-USAID in 1992, the standard of ECI value in buildings can be seen in Table 1.Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Human Resources number 13 of 2012, the calculation value of the intensity of electrical energy consumption in a building can be divided into two parts: buildings using air conditioning and those without air conditioning.This can be seen in Table 2.If the ECI value is lower than the lower limit, the building is said to be energy efficient.Hence, it needs to be maintained by carrying out activities and maintenance in accordance with the standard procedures set by the company.If the ECI value is between the lower limit and the reference, the building is said to be somewhat efficient, so it is necessary to improve performance by tuning up.If it is between the reference and the upper limit, then the building is somewhat wasteful, so it is necessary to make some changes.
These changes were obtained by analyzing energy-saving opportunities.Based on the results of the Energy Management Opportunity [16], several recommendations can be made to get electrical energy savings, namely: a. Recommendations that are advisory in nature so that they do not use cost investment and do not change existing equipment.An example is turning off electrical equipment, such as lights and air conditioning, when unused.b.Low-Cost Investment, this recommendation slightly changes the existing equipment as an example of installing a timer on the lighting automatically or installing a temperature sensor on the air conditioner so that it can regulate the existing temperature.c.High-cost investment is to make changes and improvements to the existing system.Usually, these recommendations include installing power factor correction equipment and variable speed drives.

Light Intensity
Light intensity is the amount of light needed to illuminate a room.Light intensity must meet the Indonesian National Standard (SNI).The light intensity is measured using a Luxmeter.Calculating the light intensity in the room can be found using equation ( 2).

Results
Data on building/space area is obtained from the data collection.The Pratama Tapan Hospital building has a total area is 15.120,70 m2.The detailed information can be seen in Table 3.The use of electrical energy in Tapan Primary Hospital is divided according to the classification of lighting, cooling/air conditioning, and health or other electronic equipment that requires electrical energy, which can be seen in Table 4. Table 4 shows the results of checking electrical equipment in each room at Pratama Tapan Hospital.The type of lamp used already uses LED lights.The use of electrical equipment in each room varies based on needs.The air conditioner used is 2pk with 1,920 watts, 1.5pk with 1,170 watts, and 0.5pk with 340 watts.In Table 5, the highest power usage is in the electronics classification, while the most minor electrical energy usage is in the lighting classification.For the percentage of use can be seen in Figure 2, where 53% of the electronic classification supplies the most electrical energy users.While lighting is only about 6% of the overall supply of electrical energy users in Pratama Tapan Hospital.

Fig. 2. Percentage of electric energy usage
The source of electrical energy for Pratama Tapan Hospital is supplied from PLN, with a power of 105,000 VA.At the same time, the total building area is 15,120.70m 2 with a power tariff group (S-2 / L).Furthermore, kWh data used to conduct this energy audit is data on the use of installed or used electrical loads.Figure 3 shows energy consumption (kWh) per month in a year.

Fig. 3. Energy consumption in a year
From Figure 3, the use of electrical energy varies during the year.The lowest use of electrical energy in March amounted to 11,851 kWh, and the most extensive use in August amounted to 13,868 kWh.This occurs due to differences in the duration of use of electronic devices in the hospital.

Initial Energy Audit
Judging from the average electrical energy used in Pratama Tapan Hospital, the ECI value can be calculated.It is known that the total value of electrical energy consumption a year is 156,210.7 kWh, and the building area is 15,120.7 m 2 .So that the ECI value is obtained from equation ( 1 The resulting ECI value is 10.33 kWh/m 2 /year.Based on the standard ECI value from ASEAN-USAID, the use of electrical energy at the Pratama Tapan Hospital can be very efficient because it is very small compared to the standard value of 380.
Figure 4 presents the ECI value per month in January-December 2022.The lowest ECI value is in March, and the highest is in August.When viewed from the room-specific ECI value based on air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned rooms from Table 2, it can be said that the monthly ECI value is very efficient.Several possibilities can cause ECI values that are very small from this standard.

Fig. 4. ECI value in a year
Based on the results of interviews from the Pratama Tapan Hospital stated that first, low energy usage is due to room facilities that do not meet the standards, as seen in the ten inpatient rooms; 4 of them only use fans as air conditioners.Second is the low number of patients and inpatients, so the use of electrical energy is low.Third, low electrical energy usage can be caused because room facilities that have met the standards have yet to be used optimally.The use of health electronics in this hospital is not very significant.This is because the patients are not too crowded.

Detailed Energy Audit a. ECI Value of Air-Conditioned Room
A detailed energy audit is carried out by calculating the ECI of air-conditioned rooms at Pratama Tapan Hospital based on the results of calculations with the effective energy use of electricity for one month or 26 working days, apart from the emergency room, which is full for one month.This measurement uses effective working time, which is 8 hours per day.Table 6 shows the ECI measurement value and criteria for each air-conditioned room in Pratama Tapan Hospital based on the standardization of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 13 of 2012.From Table 6, the ECI value for air-conditioned rooms in Pratama Tapan Hospital based on effective assumptions of electrical energy has varying criteria.However, the ECI value is still within the scope of efficiency.Therefore, this needs to be maintained by the Hospital so that Electric Energy savings can continue to be implemented.

b. Lighting Load Calculation
Measurement of lighting intensity at Pratama Tapan Hospital using a lux meter.Sampling lighting intensity data made measurements at each point in the workspace.Table 7 shows the results of the survey of lighting intensity measurements in each room along with comfort standards for workspaces based on the Directorate of Medical Support Services and Health Facilities of the Directorate General of Health Efforts of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2014 for Type D Hospitals.

Conclusion
Based on the calculation of the use of electrical energy in the Pratama Tapan Hospital, amounting to 38,296 watts with the most significant energy use found in the cooling/air conditioning load of 53% and the lowest is the lighting load of 5% of the total calculated power.While the results of the use of electrical energy in the Primary Hospital based on the Energy Consumption Intensity (ECI) standard after the measurement is very efficient, which amounted to 10.33 kWh/m 2 /year.Therefore, the hospital must maintain this condition so that the ECI value is always in a highly efficient position.The small value of Energy Consumption Intensity (ECI) is due to several factors, one of which is that the room facilities at the Pratama Tapan Hospital do not meet the standards.
The lighting system in the Pratama Tapan Hospital room still does not meet the Lux SNI standard stated in the SNI 03-6197-2000 standard, so it is necessary to change the number of lamp points (N) and power on the lamp so that the lighting strength in each room meets the minimum lighting.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Research flowchart intensity (Lux) N : Number of light points Φ : Lumen Value LLF : Light Loss Factor (0.8) C u : Coefficient of Utilization (0.7) n : Number of lights in one point A : Number of lights in one point (m 2 )

Table 1 .
Standard of ECI value in buildings

Table 3 .
Data of building area

Table 4 .
Electrical equipment for each room

Table 5 .
Power usage by classification

Table 6 .
ECI Value of air-conditioned room

Table 7 .
Results of light intensity measurement