PERSPEKTIF MASYARAKAT JAWA TERHADAP PEMAKAIAN BAHASA NONVERBAL: STUDI KASUS ETNOPRAGMATIK

Pranowo Pranowo

doi:10.21831/ltr.v19i1.28873

PERSPEKTIF MASYARAKAT JAWA TERHADAP PEMAKAIAN BAHASA NONVERBAL: STUDI KASUS ETNOPRAGMATIK

Pranowo Pranowo, Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta, Indonesia

10.21831/ltr.v19i1.28873

Abstract

Masyarakat Jawa memiliki perspektif tersendiri mengenai Bahasa nonverbal (BN) karena latar belakang budayanya. Kajian BN ini menggunakan teori etnopragmatik dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data adalah warga masyarakat Umbul Harja, Yogyakarta. Data berupa tuturan yang didukung BN. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendeskripsikan wujud BN, fungsi BN, dan makna pragmatik BN. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan lewat observasi, wawancara, dan perekaman. sedang analisis data melalui langkah identifikasi data, klasifikasi, dan interpretasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adalah sebagai berikut. (1) Wujud BN bahasa Jawa meliputi bahasa dinamis yang berupa gerakan kepala dan bagaian-bagiannya, gerakan tangan dan bagian-bagiannya; wujud BN statis meliputi postur tubuh, warna kulit, warna rambut, bentuk hidung, bentuk bibir, dan status social. (2) Fungsi BN adalah untuk menggerakkan, menyetujui, menolak, mengkritik, menyuruh, meminta, menjaga penampilan, memberi penekanan atas kepuasan, memberi ucapan selamat jalan, menunjukkan status sosial, dan menjaga kehormatan. (3) Makna pragmatik BN dinamis mencakup persetujuan, perintah halus, penolakan tidak langsung, penolakan langsung, senyuman lamis. Di pihak lain, BN statis makna pragmatiknya adalah menunjukkan status sosial, menjaga penampilan , memberi kritik secara tidak langsung, dan menyampaikan pujian.

Kata kunci: bahasa nonverbal, pragmatik, konteks, etnopragmatik

JAVANESE COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVES ON THE USE OF NONVERBAL LANGUAGE: A CASE STUDY OF ETNOPRAGMATICS

Abstract

Javanese people have their own perspectives on Non-verbal Language (NvL) because of their cultural backgrounds. This NvL study uses the ethnopragmatic theory in qualitative descriptive methods. Data sources are residents of the East Celeban community, Umbul Harja, Yogyakarta. Data are in the form of speech supported by NvL. The purpose of the study is to describe the form of NvL, the function of NvL, and the pragmatic meaning of NvL. Data are collected through observation, interviews, and recording. The data analysis steps include data identification, classification, and interpretation. The results of the study show that (1) the manifestation of the Javanese NvL includes dynamic languages, including head movements and parts and hand movements and parts. Static NvL manifestations include body posture, skin color, hair color, nose shape, lip shape, and social status; (2) NvL functions include moving, approving, refusing, criticizing, ordering, asking, maintaining appearance, emphasizing satisfaction, saying goodbye, showing social status, and maintaining honor; and (3) pragmatic meaning of dynamic NvL includes approval, subtle commands, indirect rejection, direct rejection, and dynamic smiles. Meanwhile, the static NvL pragmatic meaning is showing social status, maintaining appearance, giving criticism indirectly, and expressing praise.

Keywords: nonverbal language, pragmatics, context, ethnopragmatics

Keywords

Keywords: nonverbal language, pragmatics, context, ethnopragmatics.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Brown, G., Yule, G., Brown, G., & Yule, G. (2013). "Introduction: linguistic forms and functions". In Discourse Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511805226.003.

Bujalková, M., & Zrníková, P. (2018). "Nonverbal Communication for the Enhancement of Foreign Language Professional Competency in Medical Students: A Study". Athens Journal of Philology, 3(3), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajp.3.3.3.

Ciuffani, B. M. (2017). Non-verbal Communication and Leadership : the impact of hand gestures used by leaders on follower job satisfaction. Retrieved from http://essay.utwente.nl/72853/.

Clancy, B., & O’Keeffe, A. (2015). Pragmatics. In The Cambridge Handbook of English Corpus Linguistics. https://doi.org/10.1007/9781139764377.014.

Cook, G. (2003). Applied Linguistics (Oxford Introduction to Language Study Series). Oxfords.

Cossette, M., & Hess, U. (2015). Service with style and smile. How and why employees are performing emotional labour? Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee, 65(2), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2015.02.001.

Deda, N. (2013). The role of Pragmatics in English Language Teaching. Pragmatic Competence. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(4), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2012.v2n4p63.

Foley, W. A. (2001). Antrhropological Linguistics. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher Inc.

Hadipoero, M. M., & Panuju, R. (2018). Komunikasi Non Verbal Dalam Pelayanan Prima Di Uptsa (Unit Pelayanan Terpadu Satu Atap) Pemerintah Kota Surabaya. Jurnal Ilmiah LISKI (Lingkar Studi Komunikasi), 4(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.25124/liski.v4i1.1193.

Hanna, J. L., Bartenieff, I., & Lewis, D. (2006). Body Movement: Coping with the Environment. Ethnomusicology. https://doi.org/10.2307/850888.

Hu, X. (2014). Context : from static to dynamic. 2(2), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20140202.21.

Kafaabillah, D. (2017). Jurnal Nilai-Nilai Religius yang Terkandung dalam Tradisi Perkawinan Adat Jawa (Studi Kasus Desa Cerme Kecamatan Pace Kabupaten Nganjuk ) Religious Values Contained In The Tradition Of Javanese Traditional Marrige ( Case Study Cerme Village , Pace Distri, dalam jurnal. LITERA, 01(07).

Karim, A. H., & Sotoudehnama, E. (2017). A Qualitative Study on Teacher ’ s Nonverbal Communication and Iranian EFL Learners ’ Perception of Language Learning 1. 1(1). https://doi.org/10.22051/lghor.2017.13392.1044.

Knapp, M. L., & Hall, J. A. (2002). Nonverbal Communication in Human Interaction. Crawfordsville: Thomson Learning.

Lapakko, D. (2007). Communication is 93% Nonverbal: An Urban Legend Proliferates. Communication and Theater Association of Minnesota Journal, 34, 7–19. Retrieved from http://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/ctamj.

Mandal, F. B. (2014). Nonverbal Communication in Humans. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 24(4), 417–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.831288.

Mardikantoro, H.B. (2016). Pemertahanan Bahasa Jawa dalam Pertunjukan Kesenian Tradisonal di Jawa Tengah, Litera, Jurnal Peneliian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 15(2), 269-280. https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/litera/article/view/11828.

Mehrabian, A. (2017). Nonverbal Communication (eBook Publ). New York: Routledge.

Miller, D. I., Eagly, A. H., & Linn, M. C. (2015). Women’s representation in science predicts national gender-science stereotypes: Evidence from 66 nations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(3), 631–644. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000005.

Mundy, P., Kasari, C., Sigman, M., & Ruskin, E. (2014). Nonverbal Communication and Early Language Acquisition in Children With Down Syndrome and in Normally Developing Children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 38(1), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3801.157.

Nurgiyantoro, B. (2016). Transformasi Cerita Wayang Dalam Novel Amba dan Pulang. Litera, Jurnal Peneliian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 15(2), 201-216. https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/litera/article/view/11823.

Permatasari, A. F., & Wijaya, M. (2017). Perubahan Perilaku Masyarakat Jawa dalam Penyelenggaraan Resepsi Pernikahan di Kota Surakarta. Jurnal Analisa Sosiologi, 6(1), 65-81. https://www.neliti.com/publications/227629/perubahan-perilaku-masyarakat-jawa-dalam-penyelenggaraan-resepsi-pernikahan-di-k.

Rahman, B., & Selviyanti, E. (2018). Studi Literatur : Peran Stratifikasi Sosial Masyarakat Dalam Pembentukan Pola Permukiman. Jurnal Planologi, 15(2), 195. https://doi.org/10.30659/jpsa.v15i2.3525.

Santschi, E. M., Williams, J. M., Morgan, J. W., Johnson, C. R., Bertone, A. L., & Juzwiak, J. S. (2015). Preliminary Investigation of the Treatment of Equine Medial Femoral Condylar Subchondral Cystic Lesions With a Transcondylar Screw. Veterinary Surgery, 44(3), 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2014.12199.x.

Setiawan, W., & Nurmansyah, M. A. (2014). Pasemon Dalam Kesenian Kentrung Sebagai Pendidikan Karakter: Nilai Luhur Dalam Kesenian Tradisi Lisan Jawa. Jurnal Studi Sosial, no.2, 133–139.

Sheth, T. (2017). Non-verbal Communication: A significant aspect of Proficient Occupation. OSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 22(11), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-2211066972.

Spradley, J. P., & Phillips, M. (2004). Culture and Stress: A Quantitative Analysis. American Anthropologist. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00190.

Tan Kim Hua, Nor Farah, & Mohd Nayef. (2012). Communication strategies among EFL students - An examination of frequency of use and types of strategies used. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 12(3), 831–848.

Tannenbaum, N. (2017). Review Reviewed Work ( s ): Participant Observation by James P . Spradley Review by : Nicola Tannenbaum Published by : The George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/3318111. (March), 4–7. https://doi.org/10.2307/3318111.

Uysal, H. H. (2012). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics of Reading: The Case of American and Turkish Students Reacting to a Turkish Text. Reading Matrix: An International Online Journal, 12(1), 12–29. Retrieved from https://proxy.library.mcgill.ca/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ994899%0Ahttp://www.readingmatrix.com/articles/april_2012/uysal.pdf.

Wahyono, E., Ii, B. A. B., Nababan, M. L. E., Prawitasllri, J. E., Pradanta, S. W., Sudardi, B., … Masyarakatnya, B. (2018). Stratifikasi Sosial pada Masyarakat Pedesaan di Jawa Abad ke-19. Seminar Nasional Riset Inovatif, 10(2), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.7454/ai.v29i2.3542.

Wang, H. (2009). Nonverbal Communication and the Effect on Interpersonal Communication. Asian Social Science, 5(11), 155–159. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f9d1/7f2b9eb9b7ef9ffc8b2005fca7fa218b4f2d.pdf.

Wibawa, S. (2013). Nilai Filosofi Jawa dalam Serat Centhini. Litera, Jurnal Peneliian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya, 12(2), 328–344. https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/litera/article/view/1546/1275.

Widdowson, H. G. (1989). Knowledge of Language and Ability for Use. Applied Linguistics 10.

Winarno, K. (2017). Memahami Etnografi Ala Spradley. SMART. https://doi.org/10.18784/smart.v1i2.256.

Zeki, C. P. (2009). The importance of non-verbal communication in classroom management. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 1443–1449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.254.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/ltr.v19i1.28873