KARAKTERISTIK SOAL LITERASI MEMBACA PADA PROGRAM PISA

Abstract

Studi Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas sistem pendidikan dalam perspektif internasional dengan berfokus pada hasil asesmen Sains, Matematika, dan Literasi Membaca. Penelitian ini bertujuan menelaah karakteristik soal membaca PISA pada empat kali pelaksanaan, yaitu soal membaca sebagai bahan uji mayor 2000-2009 dan sebagai bahan uji minor 2003-2006. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik analisis isi. Data yang digunakan adalah hasil PISA tahun 2000-2009. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa soal literasi membaca PISA didominasi keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi berupa kemampuan interpretasi, refleksi, dan evaluasi. Kemampuan membaca yang diujikan adalah mengungkapkan kembali informasi, mengembangkan interpretasi dan mengintegrasikan, dan merefleksikan dan mengevaluasi teks. Soal cenderung menggunakan wacana panjang (135-630 kata) dan kalimat pertanyaan cenderung kompleks. Ragam tes yang digunakan meliputi pilihan ganda, pilihan ganda kompleks, jawaban singkat, esai tertutup, dan esai terbuka. Karakteristik konteks diklasifikasikan empat kategori, yaitu pendidikan, pekerjaan, personal, dan masyarakat. Isi kutipan bertema keselamatan keamanan diri, bermasyarakat, cara menyelesaikan pendidikan dan IPTEK, cerita personal berisi nilai moral untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup.

Kata kunci: literasi, kemampuan membaca, sistem pendidikan, karakteristik soal

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERACY TEST ITEMS IN PISA

Abstract

A study of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the education system in an international perspective by focusing on the results of the science, mathematics, and literacy assessments. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of PISA reading test items from four administrations, namely reading as a major test in 2000-2009 and as a minor test in 2003-2006. This was a qualitative study using content analysis. The data were the results of PISA in 2000-2009. The results of the analysis showed that the PISA literacy test items were dominated by those measuring high-order thinking skills in the form of the ability in interpretation, reflection, and evaluation. The reading ability tested was revealing information, developing and integrating interpretation, and reflecting and evaluating texts. The test items tended to be based on long discourses (135-630 words) and the questions tended to be complex. In terms of variety, the item tests included multiple choice, complex multiple choice, short answer, closed essay, and open essay items. The characteristics of the contexts were classified into four categories, namely education, employment, personal matters, and community. The contents of the citations comprised self-safety, community, ways of completing education, and science and technology. Personal stories contained moral values to improve the quality of life.

Keywords: literacy, reading ability, educational system, characteristics of test items