Indonesia's Defense Diplomacy to Strengthen National Airspace:  A Study of the F-16 Fighter Upgrade

Rudy Isnawan; Windy Dermawan

doi:10.21831/socia.v21i2.82605

Indonesia's Defense Diplomacy to Strengthen National Airspace: A Study of the F-16 Fighter Upgrade

Rudy Isnawan,
Windy Dermawan, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

10.21831/socia.v21i2.82605

Abstract

This paper aims to analyze Indonesia's efforts through Indonesian defense diplomacy towards the US to optimize its air defense with the F-16 A/B Fighter eMLU (enhanced Mid-Life Upgrade) program. In facing the rapid development of military technology and potential threats from other countries, a defense equipment modernization program, increased personnel training, and the development of more integrated radar infrastructure and air defense networks are absolutely necessary to be able to carry out air defense functions optimally and effectively, and protect the sovereignty of Indonesia's airspace from various potential threats. However, in reality, Indonesia's air power is still faced with various obstacles, one of which is that the F-16A/B fighter aircraft currently owned by Indonesia is not optimal to match the strength of other countries' aircraft. To optimize this, modernization and improvement of weapons for the F-16 Fighter Aircraft are very important. The researcher uses the Defense Diplomacy Concept according to Cottey and Forster. The research was conducted using a qualitative method with data collection through interviews, internet-based research and literacy studies. The results of the research show that Indonesia's defense diplomacy towards the US is carried out through several instruments, military education and training, military meetings and dialogues, humanitarian missions, and military cooperation.

References

Af.mil. (2021). F-16 Fighting Falcon. Retrieved from https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104505/

Agatha, W. A. (2016). Kerjasama Teknik Militer Indonesia Dan Rusia dalam Pembelian Pesawat Sukhoi Su-30MK2 Tahun 2006-2010. Jom Fisip, 3(2), 1–13. Retrieved from www.indonesia.mid.ru.

Anwar, S. (2014). The Role of Defense Diplomacy in Coping with Challenges in the Field of Defense, 4, 71–94.

Ar-Rasyid, T. P., & Wiswayana, W. M. (2021). Upaya Kerja Sama Pertahanan Indonesia-Amerika Serikat Dalam Mencapai Target Minimum Essential Force Pertahanan Negara Tahun 2020-2021. Jurnal Kementerian Luar Negeri.

Ayu, R. D. (2023). Daftar Pesawat Tempur Indonesia Terkini, Paling Baru Boeing dan Rafale.

Bakrie, C. R. (2007). Pertahanan Negara dan Postur TNI Ideal. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

Baryadi, A. (2019). Indonesia’s Defense Diplomacy in the Era of Globalization: An Overview of the Concept and Implementation. Journal of ASEAN Studies, 7(1), 1–20.

Bramasta, Dandy Bayu Nugroho, R. S. (2022). Spesifikasi Pesawat Latih Tempur TNI AU T-50i Golden Eagle dari Korea Selatan. Retrieved from https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2022/02/05/153000365/spesifikasi-pesawat-latih-tempur-tni-au-t-50i-golden-eagle-dari-korea?page=all

Burgess, S. (2023). The US–Indonesian Strategic Partnership and Air Force Relations, (April 2022), 55–74.

Chandra, G. (2024). Program Upgrade Jet Tempur F-16 Block 15 Falcon Star eMLU Indonesia Sangatlah Menguntungkan. Retrieved from https://www.zonajakarta.com/nasional/67312728299/program-upgrade-jet-tempur-f-16-block-15-falcon-star-emlu-indonesia-sangatlah-menguntungkan

cnnindonesia.com. (2020). AS Sebut Indonesia Belum Bisa Miliki Jet Tempur F-35. Retrieved from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20201102211205-106-565110/as-sebut-indonesia-belum-bisa-miliki-jet-tempur-f-35

cnnindonesia.com. (2024). Melihat Rincian Anggaran Kementerian Pertahanan 2020-2024. Retrieved from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20240105194159-532-1045875/melihat-rincian-anggaran-kementerian-pertahanan-2020-2024/2

Cottey, A., & Forster, A. (2013). Reshaping defense diplomacy: New roles for military cooperation and assistance. Reshaping Defense Diplomacy: New Roles for Military Cooperation and Assistance. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315000817

Deny, S. (2024). Kekuatan Militer Indonesia Makin Ganas, Kini Peringkat 13 Dunia Kalahkan Israel dan Jerman. Retrieved from https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/5505349/kekuatan-militer-indonesia-makin-ganas-kini-peringkat-13-dunia-kalahkan-israel-dan-jerman?page=2

Drab, L. (2018). Defense diplomacy – an important tool for the implementation of foreign policy and security of the state. Security and Defense Quarterly, 20(3), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5152

Edwards, M. (2016). Ex-RAAF Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation CA-27 Sabre Mk.32 in Indonesian service. Retrieved from http://www.adf-serials.com.au/Sabre-Indonesia.html

Ermaya. (2023). Geopolitik Indonesia: Pertahanan, Keamanan, dan Dampak Ekonomi. Retrieved from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/12/28/17405211/geopolitik-indonesia-pertahanan-keamanan-dan-dampak-ekonomi?page=all

F16.net. (2022). Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.f-16.net/f16_users_article6.html

Ferisetiadi, P., Bainus, A., & Herdiansyah, A. G. (2022). Penguatan Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia Melalui Latihan Bersama Tni Angkatan Udara. Aliansi : Jurnal Politik, Keamanan Dan Hubungan Internasional, 1(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.24198/aliansi.v1i1.38867

Ibrohim, A. N. (2023). 3 Negara ASEAN Pemilik Jet Tempur F-16, Singapura Paling Banyak. Retrieved from https://international.sindonews.com/read/1182199/45/3-negara-asean-pemilik-jet-tempur-f-16-singapura-paling-banyak-1692688090?showpage=all#:~:text=1.,Indonesia sejak tahun 2015 silam.

indonesiadefense.com. (2023). Mengenal Falcon Star-eMLU, Cara TNI AU Meningkatkan Kemampuan Jet Tempur F-16. Retrieved from https://indonesiadefense.com/mengenal-falcon-star-emlu-cara-tni-au-meningkatkan-kemampuan-jet-tempur-f-16/

Kemenhan-RI. (2012). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 16 Tahun 2012 Tentang Industri Pertahanan. Kementerian Pertahanan RI.

Kemenhan-RI. (2015). Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesia 2015.

Kemenhan-RI. (2016). Peraturan Menteri Pertahanan Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pembinaan Industri Pertahanan. Retrieved from https://www.kemhan.go.id/pothan/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Permenhan-No.-23-Tahun-2016-ttg-Indhan.pdf

Kemhan RI. (2015). Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesia 2015.

KKIP. (2020). Meneropong Industri Pertahanan Nasional 10 Tahun Mendatang #3. Retrieved from https://www.kkip.go.id/2020/07/02/meneropong-industri-pertahanan-nasional-10-tahun-mendatang-3/

Kopp, C. (2012). Sukhoi Flankers The Shifting Balance of Regional Air Power. Retrieved from https://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Flanker.html

Kreis, J. F. (1989). Air Warfare and Air Base Air Defense. The Journal of Military History (Vol. 53). https://doi.org/10.2307/1986118

Laksmono, B. S., Fitriani, E., Machdum, S. V., Intarti, Y. R., Ali, I., Wibisono, A. A., … Andita, L. (2020). Kejahatan Transnasional, Kerentanan Sosial, dan Perlindungan di Wilayah Perbatasan Darat Republik Indonesia (Sebuah Kompilasi Laporan Perjalanan Riset di Tiga Wilayah Perbatasan Darat Republik Indonesia 2018 –2020).

Lamont, C. (2015). Research Methods in International Relations. London: SAGE Publications.

Mahdi, M. I. (2022). Berapa Jumlah Tentara Indonesia? Retrieved from https://dataindonesia.id/varia/detail/berapa-jumlah-tentara-indonesia

Manullang, G. H., & Rachman, M. F. A. (2023). Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia Dalam Menghadapi Ancaman dari Five Power Defense Arrangement (FPDA). Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 10(4), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.55960/jlri.v10i4.367

Moleong, L. J. (2017). Metodologi Riset Kualitatif. Remaja Rosdakarya.

Multazam, A. (2010). Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia terhadap Korea Selatan Periode 2006-2009. Universitas Indonesia.

Napitupulu, H. (2024). Peran Diplomasi Pertahanan Guna Menjaga Ruang Udara Untuk Kedaulatan Negara Indonesia. GOVERNANCE: Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Politik Lokal Dan Pembangunan, 10(3), 67–68.

Nugroho, N. D. (2019). F-16 A/B yang Diperbarui Personel TNI AU Segera Diuji Terbang. Retrieved from https://jatim.idntimes.com/news/jatim/nofika-dian-nugroho/f-16-ab-yang-diperbarui-personel-tni-au-segera-diuji-terbang/full

Nurrachman, A. (2022). Pesawat Tempur Sukhoi Milik Indonesia. Retrieved from https://kompaspedia.kompas.id/baca/infografik/kronologi/perjalanan-pesawat-tempur-sukhoi-indonesia#:~:text=Kemudian%2C satu pesawat Su-30 lainya pada Januari 2009.&text=Dua pesawat tempur Sukhoi SU-27 SKM yang dipesan dari,lagi pada 15 September 2010.&tex

Perdana, G. (2019). Berlangsung Sejak September 2017, Inilah Kabar Proyek eMLU F-16 A/B Block15 TNI AU. Retrieved from https://www.indomiliter.com/berlangsung-sejak-september-2017-inilah-kabar-proyek-emlu-f-16-a-b-block15-tni-au/

Prabowo, D., & Rastika, I. (2020). Pesawat F-16 Upgrade Bisa Bawa Rudal Jarak Jauh | Alasan Prabowo Tak Lagi Bicara Politik. Retrieved from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/02/21/07523911/populer-nasional-pesawat-f-16-upgrade-bisa-bawa-rudal-jarak-jauh-alasan?page=all

Prayuda, R., & Sundari, R. (2019). Diplomasi dan Power: Sebuah Kajian Analisis. Journal of Diplomacy and International Studies, 2(1), 80–93. Retrieved from https://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/jdis/index

Rafikasari, A. (2021). Strategi Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia melalui Kerja Sama Keantariksaan dalam Era Revolusi Industri 4.0. Jurnal KKPA Kajian Kebijakan Penerbangan Dan Antariksa, 2(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.30536/jkkpa.v2n1.2

Republik Indonesia. (2002). Undang - Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2002 tentang Pertahanan Negara. Republik Indonesia, (September), 23. Retrieved from https://www.bing.com/search?q=Undang+-+Undang+Nomor+3+Tahun+2002+tentang+Pertahanan+Negara&form=ANNTH1&refig=9b98234a0e0c489abf2c388c31e9cd8c&pc=U531

Rizkia, R. (2023). Hebat! 7 Jet Tempur F-16 A/B TNI AU Berhasil Di-upgrade lewat Program Falcon Star eMLU. Retrieved from https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/1044609/14/hebat-7-jet-tempur-f-16-ab-tni-au-berhasil-di-upgrade-lewat-program-falcon-star-emlu-1678575812#:~:text=%22Hingga saat ini%2C Skatek 042,12/3/2023).&text=Melalui Program Falcon Star eMLU,Magetan%2C Sabtu 11 M

Sahputra, A., Dermawan, W., & Dewi, A. U. (2024). Kerjasama Indonesia Dengan Amerika Serikat Dalam Peningkatan Pertahanan Udara Nasional Indonesia. Jurnal Noken: Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 10(2), 306–320.

Savika, T. (2024a). Hawk 100/200 Penjaga Kedaulatan Indonesia Masuk Fase Habis Masa Pakai, Bekas Kandangnya Akan Jadi Markas Jet Tempur Rafale. Retrieved from https://www.zonajakarta.com/nasional/67313311377/hawk-100200-penjaga-kedaulatan-indonesia-masuk-fase-habis-masa-pakai-bekas-kandangnya-akan-jadi-markas-jet-tempur-rafale

Savika, T. (2024b). Pesawat Tempur EMB-314 Super Tucano, Andalan Skadron Udara 21 yang Diperkuat Teknologi Kompatibel dan Avionik Modern. Retrieved from https://www.zonajakarta.com/nasional/67313527936/pesawat-tempur-emb-314-super-tucano-andalan-skadron-udara-21-yang-diperkuat-teknologi-kompatibel-dan-avionik-modern

Sembiring, A. E. B., & Susilo, R. F. N. (2024). Peran Diplomasi Pertahanan Terhadap Kerjasama Bisnis Internasional Di Bidang Industri Pertahanan. Jurnal Diplomasi Pertahanan, 10(2), 1–21.

Sudarsono, B. P., Mahroza, J., & Surryanto, D. W. (2018). Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia Dalam Mencapai Kepentingan Nasional. Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara, 8(3), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v8i3.441

Sudirin, Darmawan, W. B., & Hendra, H. (2022). Peran TNI AU dalam Manajemen Pertahanan Udara (Studi pada Kohanudnas dalam Menggunakan Sishanudnas). Aliansi : Jurnal Politik, Keamanan Dan Hubungan Internasional, 1(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.24198/aliansi.v1i1.38868

Sudirman, A., Djuyandi, Y., & Pratama, F. S. G. (2023). Memahami Dinamika Kerjasama Industri Pertahanan dalam Kerangka Indonesia Australia Defense Security Dialogue. Journal of Political Issues, 4(2), 120–136. https://doi.org/10.33019/jpi.v4i2.82

Sugiyono. (2010). Metode Riset Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitatif dan R&D. (Alfabet, Ed.). Bandung.

UU No 34 Tahun 2004. (2004). Undang-Undang No 34 Tahun 2004 Tentang Tentara Nasional Indonesia. Jakarta.

Vindia, B. Z. (2023). Terkuak Alasan Sebenarnya Indonesia Batal Beli F-35 Meski Sudah Dapat Restu AS. Retrieved from https://www.zonajakarta.com/internasional/6739520117/terkuak-alasan-sebenarnya-indonesia-batal-beli-f-35-meski-sudah-dapat-restu-as?page=3

voaindonesia.com. (2024). Latihan Militer Multinasional Super Garuda Shield Dimulai di Sidoarjo. Retrieved from https://www.voaindonesia.com/amp/latihan-militer-multinasional-super-garuda-shield-dimulai-di-sidoarjo/7757248.html

Wisesa, R. G., & Prakoso, L. Y. (2023). Defense Diplomacy Indonesia -United Arab Emirates Through Confidence Building Measures Defense Diplomacy Indonesia - United Arab Emirates Through Confidence Building Measures After World War II , the world experienced a deep change in global dynamics and, (October).

Yani, Y. M., & Lusiana, E. (2018). Soft Power Dan Soft Diplomacy. Jurnal Tapis: Jurnal Teropong Aspirasi Politik Islam, 14(2), 48–65. https://doi.org/10.24042/tps.v14i2.3165

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/socia.v21i2.82605